Q.Distinguish between Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown in a p-n junction diode.

A heavily doped p-n junction diode, purpose-built to operate safely in reverse breakdown, with a symbol showing the cathode bar bent into a small Z-kink. Heavy doping makes its depletion region very thin, so even a modest reverse voltage sets up a field strong enough to directly rupture covalent bonds within it -- ZENER BREAKDOWN, occurring at a low, precisely reproducible voltage $V_Z$, distinct from AVALANCHE BREAKDOWN (a carrier-multiplication chain reaction seen in an ordinary, mor …