Q.Write short notes on any two of the following: Leucocytes.

Types of Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)

Imagine your blood as a busy city. Red blood cells are the delivery trucks, carrying oxygen. Platelets are the road repair crews, patching up leaks. But the white blood cells — the leucocytes — are the police and army. Their only job is to find, fight, and destroy anything that doesn't belong: bacteria, viruses, parasites, even your own cells if they turn cancerous.

There are about 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells in every microliter of your blood. But they are not all the same. They come in two broad families, and the difference is visible under a microscope.

The Two Families: Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes

The name tells you the story. Granulocytes have visible little sacs (granules) inside their cytoplasm when you stain them. These granules are like ammunition pouches — they contain enzymes and chemicals to kill invaders. Agranulocytes look smooth inside; they have no such visible granules. Their weapons are different.

Granulocytes (The "Granular" Fighters)

These cells have a nucleus that is lobed — it looks like it has 2–5 separate blobs connected by thin threads. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (many-shaped nucleus). There are three types, and they are distinguished by how their granules take up dye.

1. Neutrophils (The Frontline Soldiers)

Intuition: If a bacterial infection starts, neutrophils are the first responders. They rush to the site, swallow bacteria whole (phagocytosis), and then die. Pus is mostly dead neutrophils.

Precise statement: Neutrophils make up 60–70% of all white blood cells. Their granules stain with both acidic and basic dyes, appearing a pale pink or lilac. They have a nucleus with 3–5 lobes. They are the most abundant and the fastest to arrive at an infection.

2. Eosinophils (The Parasite Hunters & Allergy Responders)

Intuition: Think of a tapeworm or a hookworm — too big for a neutrophil to swallow. Eosinophils attach to the parasite's surface and release their granules to kill it. They also show up in allergic reactions.

Precise statement: Eosinophils make up only 2–4% of WBCs. Their granules stain bright red-orange with acidic dyes like eosin. The nucleus is typically bilobed (two lobes, like a pair of glasses). They are especially active against parasitic worms and modulate allergic inflammation.

3. Basophils (The Alarm System)

Intuition: Basophils are rare. When they encounter an allergen, they explode, releasing histamine and heparin. Histamine causes inflammation and itching; heparin prevents blood clotting at the site. They are the "fire alarm" that calls other immune cells to the area.

Precise statement: Basophils are the least common granulocyte, less than 1% of WBCs. Their large granules stain dark blue-purple with basic dyes, often obscuring the nucleus. They release histamine (vasodilation, inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant). They are central to immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.

Agranulocytes (The "Smooth" Fighters)

These cells have no visible granules in the cytoplasm. Their nucleus is not lobed — it is round, kidney-shaped, or indented. They are also called mononuclear leukocytes (single nucleus).

1. Lymphocytes (The Special Forces & Memory)

Intuition: Lymphocytes are not just soldiers; they are also intelligence officers. They learn to recognise a specific invader, then either kill it directly or produce antibodies that tag it for destruction. And they remember it for years — that is why you only get chickenpox once.

Precise statement: Lymphocytes make up 20–30% of WBCs. They have a large, round nucleus that fills most of the cell, with only a thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm. There are two main types:

• B lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies (humoral immunity).
• T lymphocytes (T cells): Kill infected cells directly (cell-mediated immunity). …