Q.The production of plants without fertilization is done by which?

Sugarcane is grown from stem cuttings (setts), a form of vegetative propagation — not from seeds.

Sugarcane (Saccharum) is commercially planted using pieces of the stem called setts. Each sett carries one or more nodes, and every node bears an axillary bud (the "eye"). When placed in moist soil, these buds sprout to give a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent. This is asexual (vegetative) reproduction, which lets growers rapidly multiply a hi …

Potato reproduces vegetatively through its stem tuber, whose "eyes" (buds) sprout new plants.

A tuber is a swollen underground stem that stores food. In the potato, the tuber bears buds called "eyes," each of which can sprout to form a new plant — a form of vegetative (asexual) propagation. Garlic propagates through bulbs/cloves, and Amorphophallus through a corm …

Gemmule is not a plant vegetative propagule; it is an asexual body of sponges.

Vegetative propagation in plants occurs through vegetative propagules such as offsets (e.g. in water hyacinth/Pistia), bulbs (e.g. onion), rhizomes (e.g. ginger), runners, tubers and eyes. A gemmule, however, is an internal asexual reproductive structure (a resistant bud of amoebocytes) foun …

Offsets are a form of vegetative (asexual) propagation produced through repeated mitotic division of somatic cells, not meiosis.

An offset is a short, thick, horizontal stem that grows from the base of a parent plant (e.g., Pistia, Eichhornia/water hyacinth) and produces a new plantlet at its tip. Because it arises from vegetative/somatic tissue of the parent plant, its formation involves ordinary mitotic cell division — the cells of the parent stem divide mitotically to produce new tissue that develops into a complete new plant, genetically identical to the parent (a clone). This distinguishes it from processes like parthenocarpy (fruit development w …

Onion propagates vegetatively by bulb.

An onion is a bulb: a very short, condensed underground stem (disc) surrounded by swollen fleshy scale leaves that store food, with buds that can grow into new plants. This is a form of natural vegetative propagation. Although onions ca …

Producing plants without fertilisation is vegetative propagation, so the answer is (C).

When new plants are produced without the fusion of gametes (without fertilisation), the process is asexual reproduction. In plants this commonly occurs by vegetative propagation, in which vegetative parts such as roots, stems, leaves or buds give rise to new individuals (e.g. runners of grass, eyes of potato, leaf buds of Bryophyllum). Since no gametes fuse, the offspring are genetically identical to the paren …

A corm (e.g., in Colocasia, Gladiolus, Crocus) is a swollen, vertical underground stem that stores food.

A corm is condensed, disc-like, and grows vertically underground (unlike a horizontal rhizome). It bears nodes and internodes, axillary buds, and a terminal bud, and is covered by scaly, dry leaves — all stem characters, which is why it is classified as a ** …

Bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively by producing adventitious buds along the notches at the margins of its leaves.

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new plant develops from a vegetative part (root, stem or leaf) of the parent, without involving gametes. In Bryophyllum (also called Kalanchoe), numerous small notches occur along the margins of the fleshy leaves, and adventitious buds arise from these notches. When a leaf falls to the ground (or is detached), each bud can grow into an independent new plantlet with its own roots and shoots — so a single leaf can give rise to many new plants.

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