Ch 5Security in the Contemporary World — Class 12 Political Science, concept-first.

'Security' and 'national security' are two of the most-used words in any conversation about world politics — and two of the least explained.

Start from the plainest possible definition: security means freedom from threats. But almost everything in human life — and in the life of a state — carries some element of threat, which makes that de…

The traditional view of security is the one most people encounter in news and everyday discussion. It is a state-centric, military-focused idea: the greatest danger to a country comes from military th…

You might wonder: if a country is torn apart by violence within its own borders, how can it possibly defend itself against an outside enemy? Internal peace and order are the foundation of any society'…

Traditional security is not only about preparing for war — it also accepts that cooperation can limit violence.

Non-traditional security begins by questioning the most basic assumption of the traditional view: security for whom? Instead of automatically answering "the state," it asks whether the real subject of…

The traditional view of security focused on military threats from other states. But the world has changed. New sources of threat do not come from armies or borders.

Cooperative security is built on a simple insight: many of today’s threats cannot be solved by military force alone. In fact, using force often makes things worse.

India’s security strategy has been shaped by the full range of threats it has faced — both traditional (military) and non-traditional — and these threats have come from within the country as well as f…