Q.(i) What is meant by 'bad debt'?

Provision for Doubtful Debts — A First Look

Think of a shopkeeper who sells goods on credit. He records a sale today, but the cash will come only later — maybe in a month, maybe two. Most customers pay. But some don't. A few might disappear, some might genuinely be unable to pay, and a handful might simply refuse.

If the shopkeeper pretends everyone will pay, his books will show a rosy picture that is false. He needs to be honest: some of those debtors will never pay. That honest estimate is the provision for doubtful debts.

The Precise Meaning

A provision for doubtful debts is an estimated amount of trade receivables (debtors) that a business expects will not be collected. It is not a specific debtor identified as bad — that would be a bad debt written off directly. This is a general provision, a prudent guess based on past experience and current conditions.

Why It Matters

Two reasons, both rooted in accounting principles.

First, the Prudence (Conservatism) Concept. Accountants do not anticipate profits, but they do anticipate losses. If there is a reasonable chance that some debtors will default, the books must reflect that possibility. Overstating assets (debtors) is dangerous; understating them is safer.

Second, the Matching Principle. The sale that created the debtor happened in this accounting period. If the loss from that debtor materialises next year, it should still be charged against this year's revenue — because the sale belongs here. The provision ensures the loss is matched with the income that caused it.

Without a provision, profit is overstated and assets are overstated. Both are misleading.

Accounting Treatment — The Mechanics

There are two distinct stages.

1. Creating the Provision (at the end of the year)

The provision is an estimated amount. Suppose a business has debtors of ₹1,00,000 and estimates that 5% will be doubtful. The provision is ₹5,000.

Journal entry:

What happens:

• Profit & Loss A/c is debited — this reduces the profit for the year. The provision is an expense (or a charge against profit).
• Provision for Doubtful Debts A/c is credited — this is a negative asset account. It is shown on the asset side of the Balance Sheet, deducted from Sundry Debtors.

2. Balance Sheet Presentation

The format is standard:

Balance Sheet (Extract) as at ...

What Happens Next Year

Next year, two things can happen.

Case A: Actual bad debts occur. A debtor of ₹2,000 is confirmed as bad. The entry is:

Now, at the end of the year, the provision must be adjusted. The old provision (₹5,000) is no longer needed in full — some of it has been 'used up' by the actual bad debt. The accountant will:

• First, transfer the old provision to the Profit & Loss account (or adjust it).
• Then, create a new provision based on the remaining debtors at the new year-end.

Case B: No bad debts occur. The old provision simply remains. At year-end, the accountant checks whether the estimate is still correct. If debtors have increased, the provision may need to be increased; if decreased, reduced.

A Common Exam Format — The Provision for Doubtful Debts Account …