Organisms and Populations: populations and ecological adaptations; population interactions — mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes — growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
Ecosystem: patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass and energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus); ecological succession; ecological services — carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release
Biodiversity and its Conservation: concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites