Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula; refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres
Refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism; scattering of light — blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
Optical instruments: human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses; microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts; proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum; resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids