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Statistics · Class 11 Commerce

Ch 2Presentation of Data — Class 11 Statistics, concept-first.

Raw data collected through a survey, a census, or business records is usually a long, unorganised list of numbers or facts. In this form it tells a student or a manager almost nothing at a glance — a Gujarat trader's daily cash-memo entries for a whole month, or the marks of 60 students in a Std 11 commerce division, a…

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Key concepts

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Classification of Data

Classification is the process of arranging raw, unorganised data into groups or classes on the basis of a common characteristic — time (chronological), place (geographical), an attribute (qualitative), or a measurable va…

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Chapter contents

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1

Meaning and Need for Classification of Data

Raw data collected through a survey, a census, or business records is usually a long, unorganised list of numbers or facts.

2

Types of Classification

Data can be classified on four broad bases, depending on the characteristic used to form the groups.

3

Formation of a Frequency Distribution

When quantitative data is classified by a measurable variable, the result is a frequency distribution — a table showing how many times (the frequency) each value, or each group of values, occurs.

4

Tabulation of Data

Tabulation is the systematic arrangement of classified data into rows and columns so that it can be read and compared at a glance.

5

Diagrammatic Presentation — Bar Diagrams

A diagram presents statistical data visually, so that a comparison that would take real effort to see in a table becomes obvious at a glance.

6

Diagrammatic Presentation — Pie Diagram

A pie diagram (pie chart) presents data as sectors of a circle, where each sector's angle at the centre is proportional to the value it represents.

7

Graphic Presentation — Histogram

A graph presents a continuous frequency distribution on a coordinate system (an x-axis and a y-axis), unlike a diagram, which represents discrete items as bars or sectors.

8

Graphic Presentation — Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

A frequency polygon is obtained by plotting each class's mid-value on the x-axis against its frequency on the y-axis, and joining the plotted points with straight lines.

9

Graphic Presentation — Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

An ogive is the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution. Because a cumulative frequency can be built up in two directions, there are two ogives:

Exercises

+Show 4 questions4 questions
  1. Q1A researcher arranges Gujarat's annual cotton production figures for the years 2015 to 2024 in order of year. Which type of classification i…Free
  2. Q2In a well-constructed statistical table, which part states where the data was originally obtained from? (a) Stub (b) Box head (c) Body (d) S…Free
  3. Q3Explain the meaning of classification of data and state its four bases with one example each.Preview
  4. Q6State any four requisites (essential features) of a good statistical table.Preview

More questions

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  1. Example 4The marks of 40 students of a Gujarat Std 11 commerce class are given in the following inclusive-method frequency distribution. Convert it i…Free
  2. Example 5The daily wages (in ₹) of 20 workers in a small Ahmedabad workshop are: 210, 245, 198, 260, 230, 215, 250, 205, 240, 225, 235, 255, 200, 248…Free
  3. Example 7The annual turnover (₹ lakh) of five small firms in a Gujarat industrial estate is: Firm A 40, Firm B 65, Firm C 30, Firm D 80, Firm E 55. (…Free
  4. Example 8A household's monthly expenditure (₹) is: Food 3,000; Rent 2,000; Education 1,500; Others 1,500. Represent this data by a pie diagram, showi…Preview
  5. Example 9Draw a histogram for the following frequency distribution, which has unequal class widths. | Class interval | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 40–50 |…Preview
  6. Example 10For the following distribution of marks obtained by 50 students, find the mid-values of each class and state the coordinates needed to plot…Preview
  7. Example 11For the marks distribution below (50 students), form the 'less than' and 'more than' cumulative frequency tables, and find the median (a) by…Preview