Q.Write formula to calculate 'Interest coverage' ratio (ICR).

Financial leverage is a double‑edged sword. When a company borrows money or issues preference shares, it takes on fixed financial charges — interest on debt, dividends on preference shares, and principal repayment obligations. These charges are fixed because they must be paid regardless of how much profit the company earns. If the company’s earnings are high, these fixed charges magnify the returns for equity shareholders (this is called trading on equity). But if earnings fall short, the same fixed charges become a burden.

That burden is what we call financial risk. It is the risk that a company will not have enough earnings to cover its fixed financial obligations. When a company cannot meet these charges — say, it fails to pay interest on a loan or skips a preference dividend — it is in a position of financial distress. This can lead to legal action by creditors, loss of investor confidence, and even bankruptcy.

The question describes a situation where equity shareholders see their profits rise because the company has taken on debt that carries a fixed cost (interest). To understand why this happens, we need to think about how different sources of finance work and what they cost.

When a company needs capital, it can raise money in two broad ways: by issuing equity shares (ownership stakes) or by borrowing (debt, debentures, loans). Equity shareholders are the residual claimants — they get what remains after all fixed obligations are paid. Debt holders, on the other hand, receive a fixed rate of interest regardless of how well or poorly the company performs.

Here is where the magic of leverage enters. Suppose a firm borrows money at, say, 10 per cent interest and deploys that capital in projects that earn 15 per cent. The company pays the lender the agreed 10 per cent, but the extra 5 per cent belongs entirely to the equity shareholders. Because the borrowed funds magnify the return on equity, this strategy is known as trading on equity or financial leverage.

The term "trading on equity" captures the idea that the company is using borrowed money (on which it pays a fixed charge) to amplify the earnings available to equity holders. The fixed nature of interest is crucial: whether the firm makes a large profit or a small one, the interest bill stays the same. In good times, equity shareholders reap the benefit of the surplus; in bad times, they bear the risk if earnings fall below the interest burden.

In the realm of financial management, a crucial aspect for any business is how it funds its operations and growth. This involves making decisions about the mix of different sources of capital, primarily equity and debt. The strategic use of debt, which comes with fixed financial charges like interest, can have a profound impact on the returns available to equity shareholders. This phenomenon is precisely what the question describes.

Let's first understand the broader concept of Financial Leverage. Financial leverage refers to the extent to which a company uses borrowed funds (debt) in its capital structure. Debt typically comes with a fixed obligation to pay interest, regardless of the company's profitability. This fixed cost introduces an element of risk but also offers the potential to magnify returns for equity shareholders.

The core idea behind the statement is that when a company employs funds obtained through debt, and the return generated by these funds is greater than the fixed cost of borrowing (the interest), the surplus profit accrues to the equity shareholders. This amplification of equity shareholders' earnings is a powerful tool in financial management.

Consider a company that raises capital partly through equity and partly through debt. The debt carries a fixed interest rate. If the company can invest this total capital (equity + debt) and earn a rate of return on its overall investments that is higher than the interest rate it pays on its debt, then the difference benefits the equity holders. The fixed interest is paid out first, and whatever remains, after all other expenses and taxes, belongs to the equity shareholders. When the earnings generated by the borrowed capital exceed its cost, the equity shareholders receive a larger share of the profits than they would have if the company had relied solely on equity.