Q.Explain the techniques of controlling.

Let’s begin with something you already know. Think of a school cricket team. The coach sets a target — say, 180 runs in 20 overs. The captain decides the batting order, the bowlers are told to bowl a certain line and length. But during the match, if the run rate drops, the coach signals a change: send in a big hitter, or tell the bowler to bowl yorkers. After the match, the coach reviews what worked and what didn’t.

That process — setting a goal, monitoring performance, making corrections, and learning for next time — is exactly what a Management Control System (MCS) does inside an organisation. It is not about micromanaging every move. It is about making sure the organisation stays on track toward its objectives, even when conditions change.

What the NCERT textbook says

The NCERT Class 12 Business Studies textbook (Part 2, Chapter 8, “Controlling”) defines controlling as the process of comparing actual performance with standards, finding deviations, and taking corrective action. A Management Control System is the formal, structured framework that makes this process systematic and continuous. It is not a one-time check — it is a built-in mechanism that runs throughout the year.

The three core elements

An MCS has three essential parts, and they work in a cycle:

1. Setting standards — These are the benchmarks. They come from the organisation’s goals. For a company, a standard could be “achieve a 15% return on investment” or “reduce customer complaints by 10% this quarter.” Standards must be clear, measurable, and realistic.

2. Measuring actual performance — This is where data comes in. Sales figures, production output, cost reports, customer feedback — whatever is relevant to the standard. The system collects this information regularly (weekly, monthly, quarterly).

3. Comparing and taking corrective action — If actual performance matches the standard, great. If not, the manager investigates why. Was the standard too ambitious? Did a supplier fail? Did a team need more training? Then action is taken — revise the plan, change the process, or retrain people.

Why it matters for a business

Without an MCS, a company is flying blind. The CEO might think everything is fine, but the sales team is missing targets, costs are rising, and customer satisfaction is dropping — and nobody knows until it is too late. An MCS provides early warning signals.

It also helps with delegation. A manager can give a subordinate authority to make decisions, but still monitor results through the control system. That builds trust without losing accountability.

A few key characteristics (from NCERT perspective) …