Q.(OR) Write difference between Fixed capital and Working capital.
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Working Capital Requirement – The First Meeting
Imagine you start a small business selling lemonade. You need to buy lemons, sugar, cups, and ice before you sell a single glass. That money is tied up. Then you sell lemonade, but customers might pay you a day later. Meanwhile, you still need to buy more supplies for tomorrow.
The money that is stuck in this cycle — from buying raw materials to collecting cash from customers — is your working capital. The requirement is simply: how much money do you need to keep the business running smoothly day-to-day?
The Core Idea
Working capital is the lifeblood of daily operations. It's not about buying a factory or a truck (those are fixed assets). It's about the short-term stuff: inventory, bills to pay, cash in the bank, and money owed by customers.
Think of it as the financial cushion that keeps the business alive between paying suppliers and getting paid by customers.
The Precise Statement
Working Capital Requirement (WCR) is the amount of money a company needs to finance its day-to-day operations. It is calculated as:
Working Capital Requirement=Current Assets−Current Liabilities
Where:
- Current Assets = Cash + Inventory + Accounts Receivable (money owed by customers) + Other short-term assets
- Current Liabilities = Accounts Payable (money owed to suppliers) + Short-term loans + Other short-term debts
WCR=(Inventory+Accounts Receivable+Cash)−(Accounts Payable+Other Current Liabilities)
Why This Matters
A positive WCR means the company has more short-term assets than short-term debts. That's healthy — it can pay its bills. A negative WCR means the company owes more than it has in the short term, which can be dangerous (though some businesses, like supermarkets, operate with negative WCR because they collect cash instantly but pay suppliers later).
A common mistake: thinking "more working capital is always better." Too much means cash is sitting idle instead of being invested. Too little means you might miss payments or run out of inventory. The goal is enough — not maximum.
A Simple Example
A shop has:
- Inventory worth ₹50,000
- Customers owe ₹20,000 (accounts receivable)
- Cash in hand ₹10,000
- Owes suppliers ₹30,000 (accounts payable)
Current Assets = ₹50,000 + ₹20,000 + ₹10,000 = ₹80,000
Current Liabilities = ₹30,000
WCR = ₹80,000 - ₹30,000 = ₹50,000 …
Fixed capital is invested in long-term/fixed assets, while working capital is invested in day-to-day current assets. …
Fixed capital = long-term assets; Working capital = day-to-day current assets.
| Basis | Fixed Capital | Working Capital |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Funds invested in fixed/long-term assets | Funds invested in current assets for daily operations |
| Examples | Land, building, plant, machinery | Stock, debtors, cash, bills receivable |
| Period | Required for a long period | Required for a short period, keeps circulating |
| Purpose | To set up and expand the business | To run routine business activities |
- CBSE 2026Set MARCH1 markMCQQ.Excess of current assets over current liabilities means .....(a) (A) Positive working capital(b) (B) Negative working capital(c) (C) Equilibrium working capital(d) (D) Gross working capital
›Reveal solutionSolution
Excess of current assets over current liabilities = positive (net) working capital.
This GSEB Class-12 Commerce financial management question defines net working capital = current assets - current liabilities. If current assets are greater, the result is positive working capital; if smaller, …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Write answer in one word/sentence: Which capital is used to purchase raw materials?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Working capital is used to buy raw materials.
Working capital is the finance needed for the day-to-day operations of a business, invested in current assets. Buying raw materials, paying wages and meeting routine expenses are met from working …
- CBSE 2025Set 66/1/11 markMCQQ.There are two Statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Assertion (A) : Larger the lead time, larger is the quantity of material required to be stored and larger shall be the amount of working capital required. Reason (R) : If the raw material do not have a record of un-interrupted availability, higher stock levels may be required. Choose the correct alternative from the alternatives given below : (A) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true. (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false. (C) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. (D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
›Reveal solutionSolution
Both statements are true: longer lead times increase working capital needs, and unreliable raw material availability necessitates higher stock levels. The latter can explain the former.
Every business needs funds to manage its day-to-day operations. This is known as working capital. It's the capital required to finance current assets like inventory, debtors, and cash. The amount of working capital a business needs is influenced by various factors, including the nature of its business, scale of operations, credit policy, and, critically, its inventory management practices. Efficient management of inventory directly impacts the working capital requirement, as holding too much stock ties up valuable funds.
Let's examine Assertion (A): "Larger the lead time, larger is the quantity of material required to be stored and larger shall be the amount of working capital required."
Lead time refers to the duration between placing an order for raw materials or goods and their actual receipt. If this period is longer, a business must hold a greater quantity of materials in stock to ensure continuous production or sales during this waiting period. This is because the business needs to cover its consumption for a longer stretch of time before the new supply arrives. Holding a larger quantity of materials in inventory means more funds are blocked in current assets, directly increasing the working capital requirement. Therefore, Assertion (A) is a true statement.
Now, consider Reason (R): "If the raw material do not have a record of un-interrupted availability, higher stock levels may be required."
Uninterrupted availability implies that raw materials can be sourced and delivered consistently and reliably without delays or shortages. If a particular raw material lacks this consistent availability, meaning its supply is erratic, uncertain, or prone to disruptions, a business faces a higher risk of production halts or missed sales opportunities. To mitigate this risk, businesses often choose to maintain higher stock levels, known as safety stock or buffer stock. This extra inventory acts as a cushion against unexpected supply chain issues, ensuring that operations can continue even if there are delays or shortages in the incoming supply. Maintaining higher stock levels, in turn, increases the amount of capital tied up in inventory, thus increasing the working capital requirement. Therefore, Reason (R) is also a true statement.
NoteBoth lead time and raw material availability are critical factors in inventory management. They directly influence the level of inventory a business needs to hold, which in turn impacts its working capital.
Finally, let's assess if Reason (R) is the correct explanation for Assertion (A). …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Determinant of working capital is (A) size of enterprise (B) period of manufacturing process (C) availability of raw material (D) all of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Working-capital requirements depend on several factors, including the size of the enterprise, the length of the production cycle and the availability of raw materials, so the answer is all of these.
- Size of enterprise — larger operations generally need more working capital.
- Period of manufacturing process — a longer production cycle locks up funds in work-in-progress, raising working-capital needs. …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Write True or False: Working capital is invested in current assets.(a) True(b) False
›Reveal solutionSolution
True; working capital is invested in current assets.
Working capital is the finance required for day-to-day business operations. It is invested in current assets such as inventory (raw materials, finished goods), debtors/receivables, bills receivab …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which of the following money market instruments is an instrument of short term borrowing by the government of India maturing in less than one year ?(a) Call money(b) Commercial Paper(c) Treasury Bill(d) Commercial Bill
›Reveal solutionSolution
Treasury Bill is the money-market instrument representing short-term borrowing by the Government of India, maturing in under a year.
Among money market instruments: call money is inter-bank lending/borrowing for very short periods (even a single day), commercial paper is an unsecured short-term promissory note issued by large, creditworthy companies (not government), and a commercial bill is a bill of exchange used to finance normal trade/commercial transactions between businesses. A Treasury Bill, on the other hand, is issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Government of India specifically as an instrument for the government to borrow short-term funds; it is sold at a discount to its face value and redeemed at face value on maturity (within 91/182/364 days, i.e. under one year), and is regarded as the safest money-market instrument since it carries sovereign backing.
…
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Why is working capital necessary? (A) To buy land (B) To buy building (C) To make payment for routine expenses (D) To buy machine
›Reveal solutionSolution
Working capital finances day-to-day operations, so it is needed to pay routine expenses — answer (C).
Working capital is the capital required to run the business from day to day — for holding stock, allowing credit to customers, and paying routine expenses such as wages, rent, power and purchase of raw materials. Long-term assets like land, building and machinery are financed by fixed capital, not working capital. Hence working capital is necessary mainly to meet routine (operating) …
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markQ.State why the working capital needs for a Service industry are different from that of a Manufacturing industry.
›Reveal solutionSolution
A manufacturing firm must finance raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods inventory, whereas a service firm has little or no inventory to finance, which is why their working capital requirements differ sharply.
Working capital requirement depends heavily on the nature of the business:
- Manufacturing industries must purchase and hold raw materials, fund work-in-progress during the production cycle, and store finished goods until they are sold — all of which ties up large amounts of money in inventory and receivables, requiring a relatively high level of working capital. …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Net Working capital = Current asset - .......... (A) Current liabilities (B) Net liabilities (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Net working capital = Current assets - Current liabilities.
Net working capital measures the short-term financial strength of a business and is found by subtracting current liabilities (short-term dues) from current assets (short-term resources). A positive figure shows the firm can meet its short-term obligatio …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Answer in one word/sentence: Fixed capital means investment in which type of assets?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Fixed capital is invested in fixed (long-term) assets.
Fixed capital refers to funds invested in the fixed/long-term assets of a business — land, building, plant, machinery, furniture — which are used for a long period and are not meant for resale. These assets help the firm carry on production and operations over many year …
- CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Answer in one word/one sentence: Which capital is used to purchase fixed assets?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Fixed capital is used to buy fixed assets.
Fixed capital is the money invested in the fixed/long-term assets of a business — land, building, plant, machinery, furniture — which are used over many years. Since these assets are purchased o …
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