Define Human Genome Project (HGP). Write the salient features of the Human Genome Project. Write two applications of HGP. ($1+3+1=5$)

**OR**

What is cancer? Name the different types of cancer. Differentiate between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. ($1+2+2=5$)

Question

Define Human Genome Project (HGP). Write the salient features of the Human Genome Project. Write two applications of HGP. ($1+3+1=5$)

**OR**

What is cancer? Name the different types of cancer. Differentiate between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. ($1+2+2=5$)

Accepted Answer

>

> [!TLDR]
> The Human Genome Project mapped and sequenced the complete set of human genes, laying the foundation for modern genomic medicine and biotechnology.
>
> The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a large, publicly funded, international collaborative research project (formally started in 1990, declared complete in 2003) whose goal was to identify and map all the genes and to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome.
>
> **Salient features of the HGP:**
> 1. It determined the sequence of all approximately **3 billion base pairs** that make up the human genome.
> 2. It identified that humans have roughly **20,000–25,000 genes**, far fewer than earlier estimates.
> 3. Sequences were stored in **databases** made freely available on the internet, to enable further research worldwide.
> 4. It used technologies such as **Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)** (to identify genes, based only on the coding regions being transcribed) and **Sequence Annotation** (identifying stretches likely to code for genes by comparison with known gene sequences from other organisms), as well as automated high-throughput DNA sequencers.
> 5. It was declared a 'mega project' because of its enormous scale, cost, and the extensive international collaboration it required.
>
> **Two applications of the HGP:**
> 1. **Improved diagnosis and treatment of genetic and hereditary diseases** — by identifying the genes responsible for various inherited disorders, enabling earlier diagnosis, carrier screening, and, potentially, targeted gene therapies.
> 2. **Advances in forensic science, anthropology, and personalised medicine** — genome data assists in DNA-based identification, tracing human evolutionary/migratory history, and tailoring drug treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.
> …

Q.Define Human Genome Project (HGP). Write the salient features of the Human Genome Project. Write two applications of HGP. ( $1+3+1=5$ ) OR What is cancer? Name the different types of cancer. Differentiate between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. ( $1+2+2=5$ )

Concept understanding — The Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project

Q.Define Human Genome Project (HGP). Write the salient features of the Human Genome Project. Write two applications of HGP. (1+3+1=51+3+1=51+3+1=5) OR What is cancer? Name the different types of cancer. Differentiate between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. (1+2+2=51+2+2=51+2+2=5)

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Q.Define Human Genome Project (HGP). Write the salient features of the Human Genome Project. Write two applications of HGP. ( $1+3+1=5$ ) OR What is cancer? Name the different types of cancer. Differentiate between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour. ( $1+2+2=5$ )

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