Q.a. What is diabetes? What is the ultimate hormonal deficiency in this disease? How does this affect an individual's ability to use glucose? Mention any two possible treatments for diabetes mellitus. OR b. Name the hormones secreted by adrenal gland. Explain their actions in tabular form.
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency and impairs glucose utilisation by cells; it is treated with insulin therapy or oral drugs plus lifestyle management.
a. Diabetes mellitus:
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterised by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycaemia). The ultimate hormonal deficiency underlying this disease is a deficiency of insulin — either because the pancreatic β-cells produce too little insulin (as in Type 1 diabetes, often an autoimmune destruction of β-cells) or because body cells become resistant/insensitive to insulin's action despite adequate levels being produced (as in Type 2 diabetes).
Since insulin is the hormone that signals cells (particularly muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) to take up glucose from the blood and either use it for energy or store it as glycogen/fat, a deficiency or ineffectiveness of insulin means glucose cannot enter these cells efficiently. As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood (hyperglycaemia) even while the cells are effectively starved of usable glucose; excess glucose is then excreted in urine (glucosuria), drawing water with it osmotically and causing increased urine output (polyuria) and, consequently, increased thirst (polydipsia).
Two possible treatments for diabetes mellitus are: (1) insulin injections, administered externally to compensate for insufficient natural insulin (essential in Type 1 diabetes and used in advanced Type 2 diabetes), and (2) oral hypoglycaemic drugs, which help lower blood glucose by increasing insulin sensitivity or stimulating residual insulin secretion (commonly used in Type 2 diabetes), typically combined with dietary control and regular physical exercise.
Or b. Adrenal gland hormones and their actions:
| Region | Hormone(s) | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Adrenal cortex | Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) | Regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism; promote gluconeogenesis; act as anti-inflammatory agents and help the body respond to stress |
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