Organisms and populations - population interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism); population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
Ecosystem - patterns, components, productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass and energy
Biodiversity and its conservation - concept, patterns and importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and sacred groves