Q.When was the world summit on sustainable development held in Johannesburg, South Africa?

Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development

Conservation aims to protect and rationally use natural resources so that they remain available for future generations — the essence of sustainable development.

Forestry and afforestation:

• Afforestation — raising a forest by planting trees on barren, unexploited land where no forest existed before, to improve the environment.
• Reforestation — replanting trees in an area where forest was removed.
• Social forestry — growing trees on community and wasteland to meet local needs for fuel, fodder and timber and to reduce pressure on natural forests.
• Deforestation (removal of forest cover) is the opposite, harmful process.

Conservation approaches are in-situ (protecting species in their natural habitat — national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, sacred groves) and ex-situ (botanical gardens, zoos, seed and gene banks).

Global efforts include international summits: the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held at Johannesburg, South Africa, which reaffirmed commitments to sustainable development. …