Accountancy · Class 11 Commerce
Ch 3Books of Prime Entry — Class 11 Accountancy, concept-first.
No transaction should ever be recorded in the books purely on someone's say-so — every entry must be backed by a source document (voucher): a cash memo for a cash sale, a purchase invoice for goods bought on credit, a receipt for cash received, a debit/credit note for a return.
Key concepts
Hover a concept to preview it and jump to its most relevant Q&A.
Traditional Approach to Debit and Credit
Accounts are classified as Personal (debit the receiver, credit the giver), Real (debit what comes in, credit what goes out), or Nominal (debit all expenses/losses, credit all incomes/gains) — each with its own golden ru…
Most relevant Q&A
- Classify the following accounts as Personal, Real or Nominal: (i) Ram's A/c (ii) Machinery A/c (iii) Rent A/c (iv) Outstanding Salary A/c (v…Free
- Real account deals with : (a) Assets (b) Individual persons (c) Incomes and gains (d) Expenses and lossesPreview
- Give the golden rules of double-entry accounting system.Preview
- Give the golden rules of double entry accounting system.Preview
- Classify the following into personal, real and nominal accounts. (i) Capital (ii) Building (iii) Carriage inwards (iv) Cash (v) Commission r…Preview
Chapter contents
The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.
Source Documents and the Journal
No transaction should ever be recorded in the books purely on someone's say-so — every entry must be backed by a source document (voucher): a cash memo for a cash sale, a purchase invoice for goods bo…
Classification of Accounts and the Traditional (British) Approach
Before an entry can be journalised, every account it touches must first be classified into one of three types, because each type follows its own rule for debit and credit.
The Modern (American) Approach to Debit and Credit
An alternative, equally valid way to decide debit and credit is to classify every account under one of the five elements of the Accounting Equation, and apply a single consistent rule to each:
Journalising Transactions
To journalise a transaction correctly, follow these steps in order:
Compound Journal Entries
Sometimes a single transaction affects more than two accounts at the same time — for instance, a payment that is settled partly in cash and partly through a discount, or a single voucher paying two di…
Journal Entries Involving GST
Under India's Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime, most purchases and sales of goods/services carry GST, which must be recorded separately from the value of the goods themselves, because GST paid on p…
Exercises
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- Q1Classify the following accounts as Personal, Real or Nominal: (i) Ram's A/c (ii) Machinery A/c (iii) Rent A/c (iv) Outstanding Salary A/c (v…Free
- Q2Journalise the following transactions in the books of Mr. Arun for April 2026: (1) April 1 — Started business with cash ₹2,00,000. (2) April…Free
- Q3Journalise the following: 'Paid rent ₹15,000 and salary ₹22,000 by a single cheque of ₹37,000.' Explain why this needs a compound entry.Free
- Q4Journalise: 'Sold goods to Suresh for ₹50,000 within the same state, charging CGST and SGST @ 9% each.'Preview
- Q5Journalise: 'Purchased goods worth ₹1,00,000 from a supplier in another state, paying IGST @ 18%, amount paid immediately by cheque.'Preview
- Q6Journalise the following transactions of Mrs. Deepa for May 2026: (1) May 2 — Bought machinery from Bright Engineers on credit ₹3,50,000. (2…Preview
- Q7Explain, with a fresh example of your own, how the Traditional approach and the Modern approach arrive at the identical journal entry for th…Preview
- Q8Why must every journal entry carry a narration? Illustrate with an entry that would be misleading without one.Preview
- Q9Journalise: 'Goods returned by Suresh worth ₹6,000, being goods that were originally sold to him on credit.' Explain which account is used t…Preview
Sample & Board Papers
Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.
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- Q1In a Journal Entry, Paid salary by cheque of ₹ 3,000 is credited to : (a) bank A/c (b) salary A/c (c) drawing A/c (d) cash A/cPreview
- Q2Real account deals with : (a) Assets (b) Individual persons (c) Incomes and gains (d) Expenses and lossesPreview
- Q3Journalise the following. (i) Borrowed Loan from Bank ₹ 10,000. (ii) Received Commission of ₹ 5,000 by cash.Preview
- Q4Fill in the missing information in the following journal entry. | Date | Particulars | L.F | Debit ₹ | Credit ₹ | | --- | --- | --- | --- |…Preview
- Q5Give the golden rules of double-entry accounting system.Preview
- Q6The following balances appeared in the books of Vinoth on Jan 1 2018. Assets : Cash ₹ 40,000; Stock ₹ 50,000 ; Amount due from Raj ₹ 50,000…Preview
- Q7(a) Journalise the following transactions. 2019 March 1 Ram started business with cash ₹ 3,00,000 2 Money deposited into bank ₹ 2,00,000 3 B…Preview
- Q8Give the golden rules of double entry accounting system.Preview
- Q9(Question No. 30 is Compulsory) Write the narration with reference to the following journal entries. | Date | Particulars | L.F | Debit ₹ |…Preview
- Q10Classify the following into personal, real and nominal accounts. (i) Capital (ii) Building (iii) Carriage inwards (iv) Cash (v) Commission r…Preview
- Q11(a) Jeyaseeli is a sole proprietor having a provisions store. Following are the transactions during the month of January 2018. Journalise th…Preview
- Q12Trading and Profit and Loss account is a ______ in nature. (a) Personal account (b) Nominal account (c) Representative Personal account (d)…Preview
- Q13Give the golden rules of Double Entry accounting system.Preview
- Q14Classify the following into Personal, Real, Nominal accounts. (a) Bank (b) Purchases (c) Kavitha (d) Sales (e) Commission Received (f) Outst…Preview
- Q15(a) Pass Journal entries in the books of Sasikumar who is dealing in automobiles. 2017 Oct. 1 Commenced business with goods Rs. 40,000 Oct.…Preview
- Q16Which one of the following is Artificial person's account ? (a) Bank account (b) Outstanding expenses account (c) Vinoth account (d) None of…Preview
- Q17The amount brought into the business by the Proprietor should be credited to : (a) Capital a/c (b) Cash a/c (c) Suspense a/c (d) Drawings a/…Preview
- Q18Paid ₹ 96,000 in full settlement of ₹ 1,00,000 due to the creditor Viji. Pass Journal entry.Preview
- Q19Which one of the following is representative personal account? (a) Building A/c (b) Outstanding salary A/c (c) Mahesh A/c (d) Balan & CoPreview
- Q20The amount brought into the business by the proprietor should be credited to (a) Cash account (b) Drawings account (c) Capital account (d) S…Preview
- Q21Give the golden rules of double entry accounting system.Preview
- Q22Ananth is a trader dealing in textiles. For the following transactions, pass journal entries for the month of January, 2016. | Jan | Particu…Preview