Q.If $\alpha, \beta$ are the roots of $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$, then find the value of $\alpha^2 + \beta^2$ in terms of $a, b, c$.

If $\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ are the roots of the monic cubic $x^3+px^2+qx+r=0$, then $f(x)\equiv(x-\alpha)(x-\beta)(x-\gamma)$. Expanding the right side and matching coefficients with $x^3+px^2+qx+r$ gives

For the biquadratic $x^4+px^3+qx^2+rx+s=0$ with roots $\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta$, expanding $(x-\alpha)(x-\beta)(x-\gamma)(x-\delta)$ in the same way gives

In general, for the monic degree-$n$ equation $x^n+p_1x^{n-1}+p_2x^{n-2}+\cdots+p_n=0$ with roots $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n$,

$S_k=\sum(\text{products of the roots taken }k\text{ at a time})=(-1)^kp_k,\qquad k=1,\ldots,n.$ …