Yanam Cbse Class 12 Economics — Real Previous-Year Papers

Identify, which of the following is true at the Break Even level of Income. (Choose the correct option) Options : (A) Slope of Consumption Curve = Slope of Saving Curve (B) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) = Average Propensity to Save (APS) (C) Slope of Saving Curve = Unity (1) (D) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) = Unity (1)

Read the following statements carefully : Statement 1 : Final goods are those goods which normally lose their identity in the production process. Statement 2 : Final goods may get transformed during the consumption process by a consumer. (Choose the correct option) Options : (A) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false. (B) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true. (C) Both statements 1 and 2 are true. (D) Both statements 1 and 2 are false.

Read the following statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below : Assertion (A) : Unilateral Transfers are recorded in the Current Account of the Balance of Payments (BoP) of a nation. Reason (R) : Capital account records transactions which cause a change in the assets or liabilities of the country. Options : (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

“In the Indian Banking System, the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) plays a vital role in controlling the credit creation capacity of the Commercial Banks, as it _____.” (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank) (A) ensures that all the deposits are converted into liquid assets. (B) requires banks to maintain a percentage of deposits in the form of liquid assets. (C) sets the maximum interest rate which the banks can charge on loans. (D) promote banks from lending beyond a specific proportion of their total reserves.

‘In an economy, the currency held by the public, Net Demand Deposits with Commercial Banks and Net Time Deposits with Commercial Banks stand at ₹ 1,42,000 crore, ₹ 22,000 crore and ₹ 86,000 crore respectively. The value of Money Supply (M₁) would be ₹ _____ crore. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank) Options : (A) 2,50,000 (B) 86,000 (C) 1,64,000 (D) 1,42,000

Meera and Shahid are two classmates, who were comparing India’s economic growth over the years. Meera referred to the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices prevailing in market, while Sahid insisted on considering GDP after adjusting for inflation. Their debate on which of the two measures gives a true picture of people’s well-being, remained inconclusive. Considering the above mentioned situation, elaborate with valid reason, which of the two variables is considered a better indicator of welfare and why? OR Two friends, Ravi and Harry were discussing whether the money received from sale of an old car should be included in India’s National income. Ravi was of the view that it should be included in India’s National income while Harry did not agree with him. They also had difference of opinion on the treatment of brokerage paid to the car dealer. As their Economics teacher, state the treatments with valid arguments.

“Under the provisions stated in the Section 20 and Section 21 of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934, the RBI is mandated to handle the banking operations of the Government of India.” In the light of the given statement, elaborate the indicated function of the Reserve Bank of India.

For a hypothetical economy, assuming there are only two firms (X and Y) with equal values of Gross Value Added (GVA). On the basis of the following data, estimate the value of Domestic Sales of both the firms (X and Y) : | S. No. | Items | Amount (in ₹ crore) | | --- | --- | --- | | (i) | Value of Output of firm Y | 700 | | (ii) | Purchases by firm X from firm Y | 200 | | (iii) | Exports by firm X | 100 | | (iv) | Purchases by firm Y from firm X | 150 | | (v) | Additions to Stock of firm X | 50 | OR Ms. Reeta D’Costa, retired from the post of Income Tax Commissioner in the year 2023. Apart from her pension, she also receives the following from various sources : • Rental income from a flat she owns. • Interest income from her fixed deposits. • Money sent by her children settled abroad. Identify and classify, her monthly incomes into ‘factor income’ and ‘transfer income’, with valid reasons.

Michel, an entrepreneur of Country Zeta, borrowed 5 million from an overseas bank to expand his textile business. During the same financial year, the Government of Country Zeta secured a loan of 30 Billion from an International Financial Institution to manage the ongoing Balance of Payments. Samuel, an Economics student categorised both of these transactions as ‘autonomous transactions’ in the BoP account of the country. Do you agree with his classification? Justify your answer with valid reasons.

Refer the given image carefully : [Figure: A balance scale titled “Value of Money” — the ‘General Price level’ side is shown rising (up arrows) while the ‘Value of Money’ side is shown falling (down arrows), depicting inflation / a rising general price level.] Explain any two measures that can be taken by the Central Bank to control the indicated macroeconomic problem.

“Income of an economy increased from ₹ 20,000 to ₹ 50,000 crore. Savings of the economy increased from ₹ 2,000 crore to ₹ 10,000 crore.” (i) Calculate Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Average Propensity to Save (APS), before and after the rise in income. (ii) Draw appropriate conclusion regarding the behaviour of Average Propensity to Consume (APC) as his income increases. OR “Under a study, examining the spending habits of a hypothetical economy, it was observed that even households with zero income managed to consume basic necessities. As the income of people increased, their consumption also increased, but not as rapidly as income.” Based on the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions : (i) Identify and elaborate the type of consumption indicated in the first para of the above text. (ii) Explain, the reason behind the positive slope of Aggregate Demand Curve.

Refer the given text carefully : According to the Economic Survey 2024-25, the government budget’s projections for the fiscal year 2025-26 indicate that gross direct tax revenue will rise by 12.7%, while gross indirect tax collections are expected to grow by 8.3% relative to FY 2024-25. Direct taxes include income tax and corporate tax, reflecting earnings and profits of households and firms. It plays a key role in revenue growth of the government. Indirect taxes encompass Goods and Services Tax (GST), custom duties and other transaction-based levies. Higher growth rate projected for direct taxes suggests a push to enhance tax buoyancy through improved compliance and reforms. On the other hand, indirect taxes are expected to benefit from consumption trends and Goods and Services Tax (GST) administration improvements. The balance tax strategy aims to mobilise resources while supporting fiscal consolidation and sustainable economic growth. On the basis of the above passage and common understanding, answer the following questions : (i) Differentiate between the two types of taxes indicated in the above text, with suitable examples. (ii) Elaborate the likely consequences of the tax projections made by the government.