Q.Fill in the gaps:

The completed statements are:

• (a) The ascending limb of Henle's loop is impermeable to water whereas the descending limb is permeable to it.
• (b) Reabsorption of water from the distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
• (c) The dialysis fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except the nitrogenous wastes. …

Each gap here points to a specific fact about how the kidney handles water and waste, and about how an artificial kidney works.

• (a) In Henle's loop the two limbs behave oppositely. The ascending limb is impermeable to water but lets electrolytes pass out, so the filtrate is diluted as it rises. The descending limb is permeable to water but nearly impermeable to electrolytes, so the filtrate is concentrated as it goes down.
• (b) Water recovered from the later, distal parts of the tubule is drawn back under hormonal control. This reabsorption is promoted by ADH, the antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin), which prevents excessive loss of water as urine. …

Method: Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Questions in Physiology

Fill-in-the-blank questions test precise recall of a fact that has been deliberately isolated from its surrounding explanation. The method is to first restate the sentence in your own words to recover the missing fact's category, then supply the exact term or value.

Steps

Step 1: Restate the sentence to identify what type of fact is missing

Decide whether the blank wants a structure name, a hormone name, a property such as permeable or impermeable, or a number — this stops you writing a vague description where a single precise term is expected.

Step 2: Watch for paired or contrasting blanks in the same sentence

Where a sentence has two blanks describing two related things, like the ascending versus descending limb of Henle's loop, recall them as a contrasting pair, not independently — knowing that the two limbs behave oppositely (one impermeable to water, the other permeable) is itself the fact being tested, and getting one right makes the other easy to derive.

Step 3: For a numeric blank, recall the standard reference range, not a single guess …