Q.Permanganate(VII) ion, MnO4–, in basic medium, oxidises iodide ion (I–) to produce molecular iodine (I2) and manganese dioxide (MnO2). Write a balanced ionic equation to represent this reaction.

Redox Titration: The Intuition First

Imagine you have a dark room and you want to know exactly how much water is in a bucket. You can't see the water level directly. But you have a measuring cup of ink — and you know that each drop of ink turns a fixed amount of water completely black. You add ink drop by drop, stirring, until the water just turns black. The number of drops tells you exactly how much water was there.

Redox titration works on the same principle — except instead of ink and water, we use an oxidising agent and a reducing agent. One of them is the "unknown" (the water), the other is the "known solution" (the ink). They react with each other in a fixed, predictable ratio. We add the known solution until the reaction is just complete, and that tells us the amount of the unknown.

The Precise Statement

Redox titration is a volumetric analysis technique where a solution of unknown concentration (the analyte) is reacted with a standard solution of known concentration (the titrant) in a redox reaction — one substance gets oxidised, the other gets reduced — until the equivalence point is reached. The volume of titrant used allows calculation of the unknown concentration.

The key difference from acid-base titration: here, electrons are transferred, not protons.

How It Actually Works

You have a flask containing the analyte — say, a solution of ferrous ions ($\text{Fe}^{2+}$). You don't know its concentration. You fill a burette with a standard solution of potassium permanganate ($\text{KMnO}_4$), which is a strong oxidising agent. You know its concentration exactly.

You add the permanganate drop by drop. Each drop reacts with $\text{Fe}^{2+}$:

The purple permanganate gets consumed as it reacts. As long as any $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ remains, the purple colour disappears. The moment all $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ is used up, the next drop of permanganate stays purple — the solution turns pink. That's your end point.

The Core Idea in One Sentence

You measure the volume of a known oxidising (or reducing) agent needed to completely react with an unknown reducing (or oxidising) agent, and from that volume you calculate the unknown concentration.

The Calculation (Simple Version)

Suppose you titrate 25.0 mL of $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ solution with 0.0200 M $\text{KMnO}_4$. You use 15.0 mL of permanganate to reach the end point.

From the balanced equation: 1 mole $\text{MnO}_4^-$ reacts with 5 moles $\text{Fe}^{2+}$.

Moles of $\text{KMnO}_4$ used = $0.0200 \times 0.0150 = 3.00 \times 10^{-4}$ mol

Moles of $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ present = $5 \times 3.00 \times 10^{-4} = 1.50 \times 10^{-3}$ mol

Concentration of $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ = $\frac{1.50 \times 10^{-3}}{0.0250} = 0.0600$ M