Q.Choose the correct answer: The value of $\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}(x^3+x\cos x+\tan^5 x+1)\,dx$ is (A) 0 (B) 2 (C) $\pi$ (D) 1

Showing the 12 most recent of 48 on this concept.

1. AP EAPCET 2022Set eng-2022-07-05-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \dfrac{2x(1 + \sin x)}{1 + \cos^2 x}\,dx =$ (A) $2\pi$ (B) $\pi^2$ (C) $\pi + 2$ (D) $\pi/2$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Splitting the integrand by parity kills the odd piece immediately; the remaining even piece is handled with the classic "$\int_0^\pi x f(\sin x, \cos x)dx=\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi f(\sin x,\cos x)dx$"-style symmetry trick, collapsing to a simple arctangent integral.

   Concept and Intuition

   Whenever a definite integral is over a symmetric interval like $[-\pi,\pi]$, always check parity first: odd integrands vanish, and even integrands can be doubled and computed over $[0,\pi]$ only. For integrals of the form $\int_0^\pi x\,g(\sin x,\cos x)\,dx$, the substitution $x\to\pi-x$ often converts the "$x$" factor into "$\pi - x$", letting you solve for the integral in terms of a simpler one without the $x$ multiplier.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Write $\dfrac{2x(1+\sin x)}{1+\cos^2x}=\dfrac{2x}{1+\cos^2x}+\dfrac{2x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}$.
   2. The first term, $\dfrac{2x}{1+\cos^2x}$, is odd (odd/even = odd), so $\int_{-\pi}^\pi$ of it is $0$.
   3. The second term, $\dfrac{2x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}$, is even (odd$\times$odd = even, divided by even), so

   $\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\frac{2x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx = 2\int_0^\pi\frac{2x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx=4\int_0^\pi\frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx.$

   4. Let $J=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx$. Substituting $x\to\pi-x$ (using $\sin(\pi-x)=\sin x,\ \cos(\pi-x)=-\cos x$, and $\cos^2$ unchanged): $J=\int_0^\pi\frac{(\pi-x)\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx=\pi\int_0^\pi\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx - J.$ …

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2. AP EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-23-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2} \sin^2 x \cos^2 x (\sin x + \cos x)\,dx =$ (A) 0 (B) $\dfrac{2}{15}$ (C) $\dfrac{4}{15}$ (D) $\dfrac{2}{5}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   This tests using odd/even symmetry over a symmetric interval to kill half the integral, then a simple $u=\sin x$ substitution for the rest. The answer is $\dfrac{4}{15}$, option (C).

   Concept and Intuition

   Over a symmetric interval $[-a,a]$, an odd integrand integrates to zero and an even integrand integrates to twice the integral over $[0,a]$. Expanding $(\sin x+\cos x)$ splits the problem cleanly into one odd term and one even term, so only the even term survives — turning a seemingly complicated integral into a single elementary substitution.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Expand: $\sin^2x\cos^2x(\sin x+\cos x)=\sin^3x\cos^2x+\sin^2x\cos^3x$.
   2. $g(x)=\sin^3x\cos^2x$: since $\sin^3(-x)=-\sin^3x$ and $\cos^2(-x)=\cos^2x$, $g(-x)=-g(x)$ — odd. So $\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}g(x)\,dx=0$.
   3. $h(x)=\sin^2x\cos^3x$: both factors are even, so $h$ is even, and $\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}h\,dx=2\int_0^{\pi/2}h\,dx$.
   4. Write $h(x)=\sin^2x\cos^2x\cos x=\sin^2x(1-\sin^2x)\cos x$. Let $u=\sin x$, $du=\cos x\,dx$; limits $0\to1$. …

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3. AP EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-22-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \dfrac{x \sin x}{1 + \cos^2 x}\,dx =$ (A) $\dfrac{3\pi^2}{4}$ (B) $\dfrac{\pi}{2} + 1$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{4}$ (D) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{2}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Combine the even-function property over $[-\pi,\pi]$ with the classic $x\to\pi-x$ symmetry trick for integrals of $x\,g(\sin x,\cos x)$. Answer: $\pi^2/2$.

   Concept and Intuition

   First check parity: since $\sin(-x)=-\sin x$ and $\cos^2(-x)=\cos^2x$, the integrand $f(x)=\dfrac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}$ satisfies $f(-x)=f(x)$ — it's even, so the integral over $[-\pi,\pi]$ is twice the integral over $[0,\pi]$. Then, for integrals of $x$ times a function of $\sin x,\cos x$ over $[0,\pi]$, the substitution $x\to \pi-x$ is the standard tool to eliminate the explicit $x$.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Since $f(-x)=f(x)$: $\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f\,dx = 2\int_0^\pi f\,dx = 2J$, where $J=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi \frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx$.
   2. Substitute $x\to\pi-x$ in $J$: $\sin(\pi-x)=\sin x$, $\cos(\pi-x)=-\cos x$ (so $\cos^2$ unchanged): $J=\int_0^\pi \frac{(\pi-x)\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx = \pi\int_0^\pi\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx - J.$
   3. So $2J = \pi K$ where $K=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi \frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx$. …

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4. AP EAPCET 2021Set eng-2021-08-24-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-\pi/4}^{\pi/4} x\tan(1+x^2)\,dx=$ (A) 0 (B) $\dfrac{\pi}{4}$ (C) $\dfrac{-\pi}{4}$ (D) 1

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   This is a symmetric-limits definite integral where checking odd/even parity instantly gives the answer without doing any actual antiderivative work: it is $0$.

   Concept and Intuition

   For $\displaystyle\int_{-a}^{a} f(x)\,dx$: if $f$ is odd ($f(-x)=-f(x)$) the integral is $0$; if $f$ is even it equals $2\int_0^a f(x)dx$. Any function built as (odd function of $x$) $\times$ (function of $x^2$) is automatically odd, because a function of $x^2$ never changes sign under $x\to -x$.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Let $f(x) = x\tan(1+x^2)$.
   2. Replace $x$ by $-x$: $f(-x) = (-x)\tan(1+(-x)^2) = -x\tan(1+x^2) = -f(x)$.
   3. So $f$ is odd on the symmetric interval $\left[-\dfrac{\pi}{4},\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right]$. …

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5. AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-15-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \frac{\cos^2 x}{1+a^x}dx$, ($a > 0$) $=$ (A) $a\pi$ (B) $\frac{\pi}{a}$ (C) $\frac{\pi}{2}$ (D) $2\pi$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   This is the classic "King's rule" property $\int_{-a}^{a}\frac{f(x)}{1+b^x}dx=\frac12\int_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx$ for even $f$; here it directly gives $I=\pi/2$, independent of $a$.

   Concept and Intuition

   Whenever an even function $f(x)$ is divided by $1+b^x$ and integrated over a symmetric interval $[-a,a]$, replacing $x\to-x$ swaps $1/(1+b^x)$ with $b^x/(1+b^x)$ — and since these two fractions add to exactly $1$, averaging the original and transformed integral removes the exponential entirely, leaving half of $\int_{-a}^a f(x)dx$. This makes the $a^x$ term a red herring: the answer depends only on $\cos^2x$.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Let $I=\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\frac{\cos^2x}{1+a^x}dx$.
   2. Substitute $x\to -x$ (valid since limits are symmetric): $I=\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\frac{\cos^2(-x)}{1+a^{-x}}dx=\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\frac{\cos^2x}{1+a^{-x}}dx$ (using $\cos^2(-x)=\cos^2x$).
   3. Simplify $\dfrac{1}{1+a^{-x}} = \dfrac{a^x}{a^x+1}$, so $I=\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^\pi\frac{\cos^2x\cdot a^x}{1+a^x}dx$.
   4. Add the two expressions for $I$: $2I=\displaystyle\int_{-\pi}^\pi\cos^2x\left[\frac{1}{1+a^x}+\frac{a^x}{1+a^x}\right]dx=\int_{-\pi}^\pi\cos^2x\,dx$. …

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6. AP EAPCET 2021Set eng-2021-08-24-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{x\tan x}{\sec x + \tan x}\, dx =$ (A) $\dfrac{\pi(\pi-2)}{2}$ (B) $\dfrac{\pi+2}{2}$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi(\pi+2)}{2}$ (D) $\dfrac{\pi-2}{2}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   The integrand times $x$ over $[0,\pi]$ is handled with the symmetry trick $\int_0^a xf(x)dx=\frac{a}{2}\int_0^af(x)dx$ when $f(a-x)=f(x)$.

   Concept and Intuition

   $\tan x/(\sec x+\tan x)$ simplifies to $\sin x/(1+\sin x)$, a function symmetric under $x\to\pi-x$. This symmetry lets us replace the troublesome factor of $x$ with a constant $\pi/2$, reducing the problem to a standard definite integral.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Simplify: $\dfrac{\tan x}{\sec x+\tan x}=\dfrac{\sin x/\cos x}{(1+\sin x)/\cos x}=\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}=f(x)$.
   2. Check symmetry: $f(\pi-x)=\dfrac{\sin(\pi-x)}{1+\sin(\pi-x)}=\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}=f(x)$. ✓
   3. By the King's rule, $I=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi xf(x)dx=\dfrac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi f(x)dx$.
   4. Compute $J=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}dx=\int_0^\pi\left[1-\dfrac{1}{1+\sin x}\right]dx=\pi-\int_0^\pi\dfrac{dx}{1+\sin x}$. …

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7. AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-14-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-2\pi}^{2\pi} (1+\cos x)^3(1-\cos x)^4\,dx =$ (A) $0$ (B) $5\pi$ (C) $\dfrac{5\pi}{2}$ (D) $\dfrac{5\pi}{4}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Factoring $(1+\cos x)^3(1-\cos x)^4$ into $\sin^6x(1-\cos x)$ and splitting the integral shows the $\cos x\sin^6x$ part vanishes by symmetry, leaving $4\int_0^\pi\sin^6x\,dx=\frac{5\pi}{4}$.

   Concept and Intuition

   Products of $(1\pm\cos x)$ raised to powers usually simplify via $(1+\cos x)(1-\cos x)=1-\cos^2x=\sin^2x$. Pairing three factors from each gives $\sin^6x$, leaving one leftover $(1-\cos x)$ factor. Splitting that leftover separates the integral into an even, periodic $\sin^6x$ piece and an odd-derivative $\sin^6x\cos x$ piece that integrates to zero over a range where $\sin x$ returns to the same value at both ends.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Rewrite the product:

   $(1+\cos x)^3(1-\cos x)^4 = \big[(1+\cos x)(1-\cos x)\big]^3\cdot(1-\cos x) = (\sin^2x)^3(1-\cos x) = \sin^6x - \sin^6x\cos x$

   2. Split the integral:

   $\int_{-2\pi}^{2\pi}\sin^6x\,dx \;-\; \int_{-2\pi}^{2\pi}\sin^6x\cos x\,dx$

   3. Second integral: $\sin^6x\cos x = \frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{\sin^7x}{7}\right)$, so

   $\int_{-2\pi}^{2\pi}\sin^6x\cos x\,dx = \left[\frac{\sin^7x}{7}\right]_{-2\pi}^{2\pi} = \frac{0-0}{7} = 0$

   since $\sin(2\pi)=\sin(-2\pi)=0$.

   4. First integral: $\sin^6x$ has period $\pi$ (because $\sin(x+\pi)=-\sin x \Rightarrow \sin^6(x+\pi)=\sin^6x$). The interval $[-2\pi,2\pi]$ has length $4\pi$, i.e. exactly $4$ periods of length $\pi$:

   $\int_{-2\pi}^{2\pi}\sin^6x\,dx = 4\int_0^\pi \sin^6x\,dx$ …

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8. AP EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-20-AN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2 x} \, dx =$ (A) $0$ (B) $\dfrac{\pi}{2}$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{2}$ (D) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{4}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   This is the classic "$x\,f(\sin x)$" King's-rule setup; it reduces to $\pi/2$ times a standard arctan integral, giving $\dfrac{\pi^2}4$ — (D).

   Concept and Intuition

   Whenever the integrand has the shape $x\cdot g(\sin x,\cos^2x)$ over $[0,\pi]$ and $g$ is invariant under $x\to\pi-x$ (true here since $\sin(\pi-x)=\sin x$ and $\cos^2(\pi-x)=\cos^2x$), the King's-rule substitution $x\to\pi-x$ lets us replace the "$x$" prefactor with "$\pi-x$", and adding the two forms eliminates the awkward $x$ entirely.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Let $I=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\dfrac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx$ and $f(x)=\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}$.
   2. Check $f(\pi-x)=\dfrac{\sin(\pi-x)}{1+\cos^2(\pi-x)}=\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}=f(x)$ — confirmed invariant.
   3. By King's rule: $I=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi(\pi-x)f(x)\,dx=\pi\int_0^\pi f(x)dx - I$.
   4. So $2I=\pi\displaystyle\int_0^\pi f(x)\,dx=\pi J$, where $J=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\dfrac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx$. …

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9. AP EAPCET 2023Set eng-2023-05-18-FN1 markMCQ
   Q.$\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi} x\sin^3x\cos^2x\,dx=$ (A) $\dfrac{2\pi}{15}$ (B) $\dfrac{4\pi}{15}$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi}{30}$ (D) $\dfrac{2\pi}{5}$

   ›Reveal solutionSolution

   Using the symmetry property $\int_0^\pi x\,g(x)\,dx=\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi g(x)\,dx$ (valid since $g(\pi-x)=g(x)$ here) reduces the problem to a simple substitution integral, giving $\dfrac{2\pi}{15}$.

   Concept and Intuition

   Whenever the integrand has the form $x\cdot g(x)$ over $[0,\pi]$ and $g(\pi-x)=g(x)$ (i.e., $g$ is symmetric about $x=\pi/2$), we can use the standard trick: let $I=\int_0^\pi x\,g(x)\,dx$, substitute $x\to\pi-x$ to get $I=\int_0^\pi(\pi-x)g(x)\,dx=\pi\int_0^\pi g(x)dx - I$, so $2I=\pi\int_0^\pi g(x)dx$, i.e. $I=\dfrac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi g(x)\,dx$. This avoids ever integrating $x\sin^3x\cos^2x$ directly by parts.

   Step-by-Step Solution

   1. Let $g(x)=\sin^3x\cos^2x$. Check symmetry: $g(\pi-x)=\sin^3(\pi-x)\cos^2(\pi-x)=(\sin x)^3(-\cos x)^2=\sin^3x\cos^2x=g(x)$. ✓
   2. So $\displaystyle\int_0^\pi x\sin^3x\cos^2x\,dx=\dfrac{\pi}{2}\int_0^\pi\sin^3x\cos^2x\,dx$.
   3. Compute $\int_0^\pi \sin^3x\cos^2x\,dx=\int_0^\pi \sin x(1-\cos^2x)\cos^2x\,dx$. Substitute $u=\cos x$, $du=-\sin x\,dx$; limits $x:0\to\pi$ give $u:1\to-1$.
   4. This becomes $\displaystyle\int_{1}^{-1}(1-u^2)u^2(-du)=\int_{-1}^{1}(u^2-u^4)\,du$. …

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10. AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-13-AN1 markMCQ
    Q.$\displaystyle\int_{-3\pi/2}^{-\pi/2} \left((x+\pi)^3 + \cos^2(x+3\pi)\right) dx =$ (A) $\dfrac{\pi}{8}$ (B) $\dfrac{\pi}{2}$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi}{4}-1$ (D) $\dfrac{\pi^4}{32}$

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Shifting the variable to $u=x+\pi$ turns the limits into a symmetric interval about zero; the odd cubic term vanishes and only the even $\cos^2u$ term survives, giving $\pi/2$.

    Concept and Intuition

    Whenever an integral's limits and integrand both have a shift-symmetry, substituting to center the interval at 0 lets us exploit odd/even function properties: odd functions integrate to zero over $[-a,a]$, and even functions can be doubled over $[0,a]$.

    Step-by-Step Solution

    1. Let $u = x+\pi$, so $du=dx$. When $x=-3\pi/2$, $u=-\pi/2$; when $x=-\pi/2$, $u=\pi/2$.
    2. $\cos^2(x+3\pi) = \cos^2((x+\pi)+2\pi) = \cos^2(u+2\pi) = \cos^2u$ (cosine has period $2\pi$).
    3. The integral becomes $\displaystyle\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}\left(u^3+\cos^2u\right)du$.
    4. $u^3$ is an odd function, so $\displaystyle\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}u^3\,du = 0$.
    5. $\cos^2u$ is even, so $\displaystyle\int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}\cos^2u\,du = 2\int_0^{\pi/2}\cos^2u\,du$. …

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11. AP EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-21-FN1 markMCQ
    Q.$\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi} \dfrac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2 x}\,dx =$ (A) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{4}$ (B) $\dfrac{\pi}{2}$ (C) $\dfrac{\pi^2}{2}$ (D) $\dfrac{\pi}{4}$

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    This is the classic $\int_0^\pi x f(\sin x,\cos x)\,dx$ trick using the substitution $x\to \pi-x$; the answer is (A).

    Concept and Intuition

    For integrals of the form $\int_0^\pi x\,g(\cos x)\sin x\,dx$, substituting $x\to\pi-x$ (using $\sin(\pi-x)=\sin x$ and $\cos(\pi-x)=-\cos x$, but here $\cos^2$ is unaffected) converts the $x$ factor into $\pi - x$, letting you solve for the integral algebraically in terms of a simpler integral without the $x$ weight.

    Step-by-Step Solution

    1. Let $I=\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2 x}dx$.
    2. Substitute $x\to\pi-x$: $\sin(\pi-x)=\sin x$, $\cos^2(\pi-x)=\cos^2 x$, so

    $I=\int_0^\pi\frac{(\pi-x)\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx=\pi\int_0^\pi\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx-I.$

    3. So $2I=\pi\displaystyle\int_0^\pi\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2 x}dx$. …

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12. AP EAPCET 2023Set eng-2023-05-18-AN1 markMCQ
    Q.$\int_{-4\pi}^{4\pi}\tan^9 x\sin^6 x\cos^3 x\,dx=$ (A) $16\times\frac{\pi}{2}$ (B) $8\times\frac{2}{3}$ (C) $16\times\frac{14}{17}\times\frac{12}{15}\times\ldots\times\frac{2}{3}$ (D) $0$

    ›Reveal solutionSolution

    Odd × even × even = odd, and the integral of any odd function over a symmetric interval is zero — no actual antiderivative work is needed.

    Concept and Intuition

    Before grinding through a nasty trig integral, always check parity. $\tan(-x)=-\tan x$ (odd), and raising an odd function to an odd power ($9$) keeps it odd. $\sin(-x)=-\sin x$ raised to an even power ($6$) becomes even, and $\cos(-x)=\cos x$ raised to any power stays even. Odd times even times even is odd, and an odd function's graph is antisymmetric about the origin, so equal positive and negative area cancels exactly over any interval symmetric about $0$.

    Step-by-Step Solution

    1. Let $g(x)=\tan^9x\sin^6x\cos^3x$.
    2. $g(-x)=\tan^9(-x)\sin^6(-x)\cos^3(-x)=(-\tan x)^9(\sin x)^6(\cos x)^3=-\tan^9x\sin^6x\cos^3x=-g(x)$.
    3. So $g$ is an odd function. …

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