Q.Hassan Limited took a loan of ₹30,00,000 from a bank against primary security worth ₹40,00,000 and issued 4,000, 6% debentures of ₹100 each as a collateral security. The company again after one year took a loan of ₹50,00,000 from bank against Plant as primary security and deposited 6,000, 6% debentures of ₹100 each as collateral security. Record necessary journal entries and prepare balance sheet of the company.

Debentures: The Company's Way of Borrowing Money

Think of a debenture like this: you need ₹5,00,000 to expand your business. Instead of asking a bank for a loan, you go to the public and say, "Lend me money, and I'll pay you interest every year. After 5 years, I'll return your full amount." Each person who lends you money gets a certificate — that certificate is a debenture.

The Precise Meaning

A debenture is a written instrument issued by a company under its common seal, acknowledging a debt. It contains a promise to repay the borrowed amount at a specified date (maturity) and to pay interest at a fixed rate at regular intervals (usually half-yearly or yearly).

Why Debentures Matter

Companies issue debentures because:

• They raise large funds without diluting ownership (unlike shares)
• Interest paid on debentures is a tax-deductible expense (reduces taxable profit)
• Debentures are safer for investors than shares (fixed return, priority in repayment)

For investors, debentures offer:

• Fixed, predictable income
• Higher safety than equity shares
• Priority over shareholders if the company is liquidated

Accounting Treatment

When a company issues debentures, the journal entry is:

Key points:

• Debit Bank A/c with the actual amount received
• Credit Debentures A/c with the face value (nominal value)
• If issued at a premium (e.g., ₹100 debenture issued for ₹110), credit the extra ₹10 to Securities Premium Reserve A/c
• If issued at a discount (e.g., ₹100 debenture issued for ₹95), debit the discount to Discount on Issue of Debentures A/c (a fictitious asset written off over the debenture's life)

Interest on Debentures

Interest is calculated as:

Interest = Face Value of Debentures × Rate of Interest × Time Period

For example, if a company issues ₹10,00,000 worth of 9% debentures, the annual interest is:

₹10,00,000 × 9% = ₹90,000 per year

The journal entry for interest payment:

| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Debit (₹) | Credit (₹) | …