What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL? (i) 4mol L⁻¹ (ii) 20mol

NCERT Exemplar · Q3

Q. What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

(i)

4\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(ii)

20\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(iii)

0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

(iv)

2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

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Concept understanding — Molality Calculation

Molality: The Concentration That Ignores Temperature

Imagine you're making a cup of sweet tea. You add sugar to hot water, stir, and taste. If you let the tea cool to room temperature, the amount of sugar hasn't changed — but the volume of the liquid has shrunk slightly. If you measured concentration as "grams of sugar per litre of solution," that number would change just because the temperature changed. That's annoying if you're a chemist who needs a reliable, temperature-independent way to describe how much solute is present.

Molality was invented to solve exactly this problem.

The Intuition

Instead of measuring the volume of the solution (which expands and contracts with temperature), molality measures the mass of the solvent. Mass doesn't change with temperature. So molality gives you a concentration that stays the same whether your solution is hot or cold.

Think of it this way:

Molarity = moles of solute per litre of solution (temperature-sensitive)
Molality = moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (temperature-independent)

The solvent is the substance doing the dissolving — usually water. The solute is what gets dissolved — sugar, salt, etc.

The Precise Definition

\text{Molality } (m) = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kilograms of solvent}}

The symbol for molality is a lowercase m (not to be confused with M for molarity).

Key points to remember:

The denominator is solvent mass, not solution mass
The unit is mol/kg (often written as simply "m")
It is independent of temperature because mass doesn't change with temperature

Worked Example

Problem: 36 g of glucose ( $C_6H_{12}O_6$ , molar mass = 180 g/mol) is dissolved in 500 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Step 1: Find moles of solute

\text{Moles of glucose} = \frac{36 \text{ g}}{180 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.2 \text{ mol}

Step 2: Convert solvent mass to kilograms

500 \text{ g} = 0.5 \text{ kg}

Step 3: Apply the formula

m = \frac{0.2 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ kg}} = 0.4 \text{ m}

Note

The answer is 0.4 m (or 0.4 mol/kg). Notice we used the mass of water (500 g), not the mass of the solution (which would be 536 g).

Common Mistake to Avoid

Watch out

Do not use the mass of the solution in the denominator. The formula specifically asks for the mass of the solvent alone. If the problem gives you the total mass of the solution, subtract the mass of the solute to find the solvent mass.

When Do You Use Molality?

Molality is the star in two important situations:

Colligative properties — properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression depend on the number of solute particles per mass of solvent, not per volume. Molality is the natural choice here.
Temperature-varying experiments — if you're working at different temperatures, molality keeps your concentration constant while molarity would drift.

Quick Comparison: Molarity vs Molality

Property	Molarity (M)	Molality (m)
Definition	moles solute / L solution	moles solute / kg solvent
Depends on temperature?	Yes (volume changes)	No (mass is constant)
Common unit	mol/L	mol/kg
Best used for	Room-temp reactions, titrations	Colligative properties, temperature studies

Final Takeaway

Molality is the concentration measure that stays honest when temperature changes. It's moles of solute per kilogram of solvent — and that's the whole story. Once you remember that the denominator is solvent mass, not solution volume, you've got it.

"Molality formula and calculation examples" and "molarity vs molality class 12 chemistry" are frequently searched terms, both grounded in the Solutions chapter of the NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Chemistry curriculum. Molality-based numericals are a near-guaranteed question type in board exams and JEE Main colligative-properties problems.

Why this formula?

Molality Calculation: Why the Formula Works

Molality is a measure of concentration that is temperature-independent — this is its key advantage over molarity. Let's understand why the formula takes the form it does.

The Definition First

Molality ( $m$ ) is defined as:

m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent in kg}}

The unit is mol/kg, often written as m (e.g., 0.5 m glucose solution).

Why Mass of Solvent, Not Solution?

This is the critical conceptual point.

The Reasoning

Molarity uses volume of solution → volume changes with temperature (expansion/contraction). So molarity changes with temperature.
Molality uses mass of solvent → mass is invariant with temperature. So molality remains constant regardless of temperature changes.

Key insight: By using the solvent's mass (not the solution's volume), we eliminate temperature dependence. This is why molality is preferred for colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression) — these properties depend on the number of solute particles, not on temperature.

Deriving the Formula Step-by-Step

Step 1: Moles of Solute

If you have $w_{\text{solute}}$ grams of solute with molar mass $M_{\text{solute}}$ (g/mol):

\text{moles of solute} = \frac{w_{\text{solute}}}{M_{\text{solute}}}

Step 2: Mass of Solvent in kg

If the solvent mass is $W_{\text{solvent}}$ grams:

\text{mass of solvent in kg} = \frac{W_{\text{solvent}}}{1000}

Step 3: Putting It Together

m = \frac{\frac{w_{\text{solute}}}{M_{\text{solute}}}}{\frac{W_{\text{solvent}}}{1000}}

Simplifying:

m = \frac{w_{\text{solute}} \times 1000}{M_{\text{solute}} \times W_{\text{solvent}}}

The Final Formula (Exam-Ready)

\boxed{m = \frac{w_{\text{solute}} \times 1000}{M_{\text{solute}} \times W_{\text{solvent}}}}

Where:

$w_{\text{solute}}$ = mass of solute in grams
$M_{\text{solute}}$ = molar mass of solute in g/mol
$W_{\text{solvent}}$ = mass of solvent in grams

Why the ×1000 Factor?

Because molality requires solvent mass in kg, but we usually measure it in grams. The factor 1000 converts grams to kilograms:

1 \text{ kg} = 1000 \text{ g}

So if solvent mass is in grams, we multiply by 1000 to get the correct denominator in kg.

Common Mistake to Avoid

Do not use the mass of the solution (solute + solvent) in the denominator. The formula specifically requires mass of solvent only.

Example: If you dissolve 10 g NaCl in 90 g water, the solvent mass is 90 g, not 100 g.

Quick Check: Why This Matters in Exams

In problems involving:

Freezing point depression: $\Delta T_f = K_f \times m$
Boiling point elevation: $\Delta T_b = K_b \times m$

You must use molality, not molarity. The formula above is how you calculate $m$ from given masses.

Bottom line: Molality = moles of solute per kg of solvent. The ×1000 factor is just a unit conversion. The real conceptual leap is understanding why we use solvent mass — for temperature independence.

Molarity is moles of solute per litre of solution. For 5.85 g NaCl in 500 mL, moles = 0.1, volume in litres = 0.5, so molarity = 0.2 mol L⁻¹. The correct option is (iii).

Molarity is a measure of concentration: it tells you how many moles of solute are dissolved in one litre of the entire solution (not the solvent). The formula is:

\text{Molarity (M)} = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{volume of solution in litres}}

The key here is to convert the given mass into moles, and the given volume into litres, then divide.

Find moles of NaCl. The molar mass of NaCl is $23 + 35.5 = 58.5\ \text{g mol}^{-1}$ . Given mass = 5.85 g.

\text{Moles} = \frac{5.85}{58.5} = 0.1\ \text{mol}

Convert volume to litres. Volume given = 500 mL.

500\ \text{mL} = 0.5\ \text{L}

Calculate molarity.

\text{Molarity} = \frac{0.1\ \text{mol}}{0.5\ \text{L}} = 0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}

Watch out

A common mistake is to forget to convert mL to L. If you used 500 directly, you'd get $0.1/500 = 0.0002$ , which is not among the options — but if you mistakenly used 500 as litres, you'd get $0.1/500 = 0.0002$ again, or worse, if you inverted, you'd get 5000. Always check: molarity of a dilute salt solution is small, around 0.1–1 M, not 4 or 20 M.

Tip

Notice that 5.85 g is exactly 0.1 times the molar mass (58.5 g). So you can think: "0.1 mole in half a litre" → double it to get moles per litre: $0.1 \times 2 = 0.2$ M. This mental shortcut saves time in exams.

✓Final answer

\boxed{0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}}

Common Mistakes in Molality/Molarity Calculation

This question tests molarity (not molality). The correct answer is (iii) $0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}$ .

Here are the most frequent errors students make:

1. Confusing Molarity with Molality

Mistake: Using mass of solvent instead of volume of solution.

Why it happens: The terms sound similar, and both start with "mol-".

How to avoid:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute per litre of solution
Molality (m) = moles of solute per kg of solvent
In this problem, volume is given (500 mL) → it's molarity.

2. Forgetting to Convert Volume to Litres

Mistake: Using 500 directly in the formula.

Example:

$M = \frac{5.85}{58.5 \times 500} = 0.0002$ (wrong)

How to avoid:

Always write the conversion step:

$500\ \text{mL} = 0.5\ \text{L}$

Then:

$M = \frac{\text{moles}}{\text{volume in L}} = \frac{0.1}{0.5} = 0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}$

3. Incorrect Molar Mass of NaCl

Mistake: Using Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 → but adding incorrectly (e.g., 23 + 35 = 58).

Result: Wrong mole count.

How to avoid:

Na = 23 g/mol, Cl = 35.5 g/mol
Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol
Moles of NaCl = $\frac{5.85}{58.5} = 0.1\ \text{mol}$

4. Misreading the Question as Molality

Mistake: Assuming 500 mL is the solvent volume and calculating molality.

Example:

$m = \frac{0.1}{0.5} = 0.2\ \text{mol/kg}$ (coincidentally same number, but wrong concept)

How to avoid:

The question says "per 500 mL" — this is solution volume, not solvent.
For molality, you'd need mass of water (in kg), which is not given.

5. Arithmetic Slip in Final Division

Mistake: $0.1 \div 0.5 = 0.02$ or $2$ instead of $0.2$ .

How to avoid:

Write it as a fraction: $\frac{0.1}{0.5} = \frac{1}{5} = 0.2$
Or multiply numerator and denominator by 10: $\frac{1}{5} = 0.2$

Quick Checklist for Molarity Problems

Step	Action	Example
1	Find molar mass	NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
2	Convert mass to moles	$5.85 \div 58.5 = 0.1$ mol
3	Convert volume to litres	500 mL = 0.5 L
4	Apply formula	$M = 0.1 / 0.5 = 0.2$

Final answer: $\boxed{0.2\ \text{mol L}^{-1}}$ (Option (iii))

Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

AHSEC Higher Secondary (HS) Final Examination 2024Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. What is the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450 ml solution?$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Molarity = moles of NaOH ÷ volume of solution in litres = 0.125 mol ÷ 0.450 L ≈ 0.278 M.

Molar mass of NaOH = 23 (Na) + 16 (O) + 1 (H) = 40 g mol⁻¹.

Moles of NaOH = given mass / molar mass = 5 g / 40 g mol⁻¹ = 0.125 mol.

Volume of solution = 450 mL = 0.450 L.

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in litres

M = 0.125 mol / 0.450 L = 0.2778 mol L⁻¹.

✓Final answer
$The molarity of the solution is \approx 0.278 mol L⁻¹ (0.28 M).$
AHSEC Higher Secondary (HS) Final Examination 2022Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Define molality of a solution.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg.

Molality is one of the concentration terms used in solution chemistry, defined as:

Molality (m) = (Number of moles of solute) / (Mass of solvent in kilograms)

Unlike molarity (moles of solute per litre of SOLUTION), molality is defined relative to the mass of the SOLVENT alone. This makes molality a temperature-independent quantity (since it is based on mass, which does not change with temperature, unlike volume), which is why it is preferred in precise physical-chemistry measurements such as colligative property experiments (e.g., freezing-point depression, boiling-point elevation).

Units: mol/kg, often denoted 'm' (e.g., a '1 m' solution contains 1 mole of solute per kg of solvent).

✓Final answer
$Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent: m = (moles of solute)/(mass of solvent in kg).$
AHSEC Higher Secondary (HS) Final Examination 2020Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Choose the correct answer: When temperature of a solution increases then —$
(a) Molarity decreases and molality increases
(b) Molality decreases and molarity increases
(c) No change occur for both molarity and molality
(d) Molarity increases and no change in molality.
›Reveal solutionSolution

Heating a solution expands its volume, so molarity (a volume-based unit) decreases; molality (a mass-based unit) is unaffected by temperature.

Why molarity changes with temperature

Molarity, M = (moles of solute)/(volume of solution in L). When a solution is heated, thermal expansion increases the volume of the solution while the number of moles of solute stays the same. Since M is inversely proportional to volume, M decreases as temperature rises (and, conversely, increases on cooling).

Why molality does NOT change with temperature

Molality, m = (moles of solute)/(mass of solvent in kg). Mass does not expand or contract with temperature — a kilogram of solvent stays a kilogram of solvent whether it is hot or cold. So molality, unlike molarity, is completely independent of temperature. This is exactly why molality (and mole fraction) is preferred over molarity whenever precise, temperature-independent concentration values are needed.

Matching to the options

Of the four choices given, only (a) has molarity decreasing, which is the physically correct direction. The remainder of option (a) — "molality increases" — is not strictly accurate (molality should stay constant), but among the listed options (a) is the one intended/closest, since (b) and (d) get the molarity direction wrong and (c) claims no change in either quantity, which misses the real molarity decrease.

✓Final answer
$(a) Molarity decreases and molality increases (as listed) — the essential correct chemistry is that heating expands the solution's volume, so molarity falls, while molality (being mass-based) is actually unaffected by temperature.$
AHSEC Higher Secondary (HS) Final Examination 2019Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Define molality of a solution.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Molality is a temperature-independent concentration unit expressing moles of solute per kg of solvent.

Molality (denoted m) of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent.

$m = \dfrac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent (in kg)}}$ , i.e. m = (w₂ × 1000)/(M₂ × w₁), where w₂ = mass of solute, M₂ = molar mass of solute, w₁ = mass of solvent in grams.

Unit: mol kg⁻¹ (also written 'molal', m). Because it is based on the mass of solvent rather than the volume of solution, molality — unlike molarity — does not change with temperature (mass doesn't change on heating/cooling, whereas volume does).

✓Final answer
$Molality = moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; unit mol kg⁻¹.$

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Q.What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

Concept understanding — Molality Calculation

Molality: The Concentration That Ignores Temperature

The Intuition

The Precise Definition

Worked Example

Common Mistake to Avoid

When Do You Use Molality?

Quick Comparison: Molarity vs Molality

Final Takeaway

Why this formula?

Molality Calculation: Why the Formula Works

The Definition First

Why Mass of Solvent, Not Solution?

The Reasoning

Deriving the Formula Step-by-Step

Step 1: Moles of Solute

Step 2: Mass of Solvent in kg

Step 3: Putting It Together

The Final Formula (Exam-Ready)

Why the ×1000 Factor?

Common Mistake to Avoid

Quick Check: Why This Matters in Exams

Method: Molarity Formula (Direct Substitution)

Steps

Common Mistakes in Molality/Molarity Calculation

1. Confusing Molarity with Molality

2. Forgetting to Convert Volume to Litres

3. Incorrect Molar Mass of NaCl

4. Misreading the Question as Molality

5. Arithmetic Slip in Final Division

Quick Checklist for Molarity Problems

Q.What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?

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