Q.Write one type of on-the-job training method.
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🔒 Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Concept understanding — Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management: The People Side of an Organisation
Think of any organisation you know — a school, a hospital, a factory, a cricket team. What makes it work? Not the building, not the machines, not the money in the bank. It's the people. The teachers, the nurses, the workers on the shop floor, the captain and the players. Without them, everything else is just dead weight.
Now imagine you are running a business. You have a great product, a solid budget, and a prime location. But if your employees are unhappy, untrained, or quitting every few months, your business will struggle. Human Resource Management (HRM) is the systematic process of managing people in an organisation so that they contribute effectively to its goals — and also grow as individuals.
In the NCERT Class 12 Business Studies textbook, HRM is defined as "the process of managing people in organisations in a structured and thorough manner." It covers everything from hiring to training to paying to retaining employees.
From Everyday Intuition to Precise Meaning
You already do a mini-version of HRM in your own life. When you form a study group, you decide who will take notes, who will explain concepts, and how you'll keep each other motivated. That's resource allocation, role clarity, and motivation — all HRM functions.
In a business, HRM is that same instinct, but formalised. It answers questions like:
- How many people do we need, and with what skills?
- How do we find and select the right candidates?
- How do we train them to do their jobs well?
- How do we evaluate their performance and decide their pay?
- How do we keep them happy and loyal so they don't leave?
Why HRM Matters (The "Why")
Most students think HRM is just about hiring and firing. That's like saying a doctor only writes prescriptions. The real value of HRM lies in three things:
First, people are the most expensive and most valuable resource. A company spends crores on salaries, benefits, and training. If that investment is wasted on the wrong people or poorly managed, the entire business suffers. HRM ensures that money is well spent.
Second, good HRM creates a competitive advantage. Two companies can have identical machines, budgets, and strategies. The one with a motivated, skilled, and loyal workforce will outperform the other. This is why companies like Tata and Infosys invest heavily in HR — they know people are their real edge.
Third, HRM prevents chaos. Without clear policies on hiring, promotions, grievances, and discipline, an organisation becomes a mess of favouritism, confusion, and conflict. HRM brings fairness, consistency, and legal compliance.
HRM is not a "soft" or optional function. It is as strategic as finance or marketing. A company that ignores HRM will eventually fail — not because of bad products, but because of bad people management.
Key Functions of HRM (What It Actually Does)
Here are the core activities that HRM covers, as outlined in the NCERT syllabus:
- Human Resource Planning: Estimating how many and what kind of employees the organisation will need in the future.
- Recruitment and Selection: Finding candidates (recruitment) and choosing the best among them (selection).
- Training and Development: Teaching employees the skills they need for their current job (training) and preparing them for future roles (development).
- Performance Appraisal: Evaluating how well an employee is doing their job, usually through annual reviews. …
On-the-job training teaches employees while they work. …
e.g. Apprenticeship training.
On-the-job training methods train an employee at the actual workplace while performing the job. One such method is Apprenticeship training, where a learner works under the guidance of a skilled worker/master for a period to acquire the trade. (Others: Internship training, C …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Read the following statements- Assertion (A) and Reason (R), and choose one of the correct alternatives given below : Assertion (A) : Staffing is an inherent part of human resource management. Reason (R) : The training and development of the staff is an important aspect of the staffing process. Alternatives: (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false (D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
›Reveal solutionSolution
A is true (staffing is indeed central to HRM) and R is true (training & development is indeed part of the staffing process) — but R does not logically explain A, so the correct alternative is (B).
Checking Assertion (A): Staffing involves placing the right person at the right job, and its core activities — human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement and training & development — are exactly the activities Human Resource Management is built around. Staffing is therefore genuinely an inherent/core part of HRM. A is TRUE.
Checking Reason (R): Training and development of employees is indeed one of the important sub-activities carried out as part of the staffing process, helping employees acquire new skills and improve performance. R is TRUE.
…
- CBSE 2024Set MARCH1 markMCQQ.Who said that "You save your employees, your employees will save yours' everything?"(a) F.W. Taylor(b) Prof. Urvik(c) Aargris(d) Peter F. Drucker
›Reveal solutionSolution
The statement is attributed to Peter F. Drucker.
The quotation emphasises that human resources are the most important asset of any organisation — if the enterprise looks after its employees well, the employees will, in return, protect the interests, property and reputation of the enterprise. This people-centred philosophy is closely identified with Peter F. Dru …
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Human Resource Management includes (A) Recruiting (B) Selection (C) Training (D) All of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
HRM covers recruiting, selection and training together, so the answer is (D) All of these.
Human Resource Management is the specialised staffing function that acquires, develops and maintains people in the organisation. Its activities include estimating manpower needs, recruitment (attracting candidates), selection (choosing the right people) and training and development (improving their skills). Because recruiting, selection and training are all part of H …
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Fill in the blank: The staffing is related with ________.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Staffing deals with the human resources of the organisation.
Staffing is the management function of filling and keeping filled the positions in the organisation structure with the right people. It covers estimating manpower needs, recruitment, selection, training, placement, appraisal and promotion. Because its whole focus is on p …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Human Resource Management includes (A) Recruitment (B) Selection (C) Training (D) All of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
HRM includes recruitment, selection and training, so the answer is all of these.
Human Resource Management deals with acquiring, developing and maintaining the workforce. Recruitment (searching for candidates), selection (choosing the right ones) and training (improving their skills) are all part of it, along with placement, appraisal and compensation. Since each option is a ge …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markQ.How does staffing help to ensure optimum utilization of human resources ?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Staffing places the right person in the right job and keeps developing employees — this is what drives optimum, not wasted, use of human resources.
Staffing is the management function concerned with obtaining, utilising and maintaining a satisfied workforce. It helps achieve optimum utilisation of the human resource in several ways:
- Right person, right job — through scientific recruitment and selection, staffing ensures that a person's qualifications, skills and aptitude actually match the job's requirements, so their ability is neither under-used nor over-stretched.
- Avoids over-staffing and under-staffing — careful human resource planning estimates exactly how many people with which skills are needed, preventing idle/surplus manpower (a cost with no output) as well as an overworked, understaffed team (which hurts quality and morale).
- Training and development — continuously upgrades employees' skills so their full potential is realised and kept current with changing job needs. …
- CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Human Resource Management includes(a) Recruitment(b) Selection(c) Training(d) All of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
HRM includes recruitment, selection and training — all of these.
Human Resource Management (the staffing function) deals with all aspects of managing people — estimating manpower, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, performance appraisal, promotion and compensation. Since recruit …
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