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Exercise 3.3 · Q4

Q.Draw suitable Venn diagrams for each of the following.

(i) (A∪B)′(A \cup B)'
(ii) (A∩B)′(A \cap B)'
(iii) A′∩B′A' \cap B'
(iv) A′∪B′A' \cup B'
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Draw a rectangle for UU containing two overlapping circles AA and BB (four regions: AA-only, BB-only, A∩BA\cap B, and outside both). Shade the region matching each expression; De Morgan's Laws show two pairs of diagrams coincide.

Complement X′=U−XX' = U - X (region outside XX, inside UU). De Morgan's Laws: (A∪B)′=A′∩B′(A\cup B)'=A'\cap B', (A∩B)′=A′∪B′(A\cap B)'=A'\cup B'.

  1. Set up the standard diagram. Draw rectangle UU; inside it draw two overlapping circles labelled AA (left) and BB (right). This creates four regions: only-AA, only-BB, the overlap A∩BA\cap B, and the outer region (inside UU but outside both circles).

  2. (i) (A∪B)′(A\cup B)'. A∪BA\cup B is all three circle-regions (only-AA ∪\cup overlap ∪\cup only-BB) together. Its complement is everything OUTSIDE both circles — shade only the outer region of the rectangle, leaving both circles blank.

  3. (ii) (A∩B)′(A\cap B)'. A∩BA\cap B is just the overlapping lens. Its complement is everything except the lens — shade only-AA, only-BB, AND the outer region, leaving just the lens unshaded. …

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