Q.Differentiate Glycosuria from Ketonuria.

Composition of Urine – What Your Kidneys Actually Send Out

Think of your kidneys as a highly selective filtration and recycling plant. Every day, about 180 litres of fluid are filtered from your blood — that's roughly 360 bottles of water. But you only pee out about 1.5 litres. So the first intuition is this: urine is not just "dirty water." It's the small leftover after your body has reclaimed almost everything it needs.

Your kidneys don't just dump waste. They carefully adjust the final composition to keep your blood's chemistry stable — a process called homeostasis. The urine that leaves your body is a concentrated solution of substances that either:

• Your body has too much of (excess water, salts)
• Your body cannot use (waste products from metabolism)
• Your body needs to get rid of because they are toxic

The Normal Composition – What's Actually in There

The exact numbers vary with diet, hydration, and time of day. But the key players are:

Water – The solvent. Its amount changes based on how hydrated you are. Dark urine = concentrated; pale = dilute.

Urea – The main nitrogenous waste. Your liver converts toxic ammonia (from protein breakdown) into urea, which is much safer to transport and excrete. This is the single largest solid component by mass.

Uric acid – A breakdown product of purines (from DNA/RNA in food and cells). It's poorly soluble — if levels get too high, crystals can form in joints (gout) or kidneys (stones).

Creatinine – A waste from normal muscle metabolism. Its level in blood is a key test for kidney function because it's filtered out almost completely and not reabsorbed.

Electrolytes – Sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate. These are carefully regulated. Too much sodium in urine can indicate kidney damage; too little can mean dehydration or hormonal problems.

Ammonia – A small amount gives urine its characteristic smell (especially after standing). The kidneys use ammonia to help buffer excess acid in the blood.

Pigments – Urobilin (from broken-down haemoglobin) gives urine its yellow colour.

What Should NOT Be There – The Diagnostic Clues

This is where composition becomes a powerful diagnostic tool. Normal urine contains no:

• Glucose – If present, blood sugar is too high (diabetes mellitus)
• Proteins – If present, kidney filters are damaged (nephrotic syndrome)
• Red blood cells – If present, infection, stones, or trauma
• Ketone bodies – If present, starvation or uncontrolled diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis)
• Bilirubin – If present, liver or bile duct problems …