Geography · Class 12 Arts
Ch 17Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems — Class 12 Geography, concept-first.
Environmental pollution is the release of substances and energy from the waste products of human activities. The key idea is that pollution is not just about adding something unwanted — it is about adding it in quantities and forms that overwhelm nature's ability to handle it.
Key concepts
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Indian Waterways
Imagine you have to move a heavy load of steel from Kolkata to Varanasi. You could put it on a truck — that means fuel, tolls, driver fatigue, and wear on the road.
Most relevant Q&A
Chapter contents
The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is the release of substances and energy from the waste products of human activities.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is the degradation of water quality to the point where it becomes unfit for use. No surface water — from rivers, canals, or lakes — is ever completely pure; it naturally contains small…
Air Pollution
Air pollution means adding harmful substances — dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke, or vapour — to the air in amounts and for durations that can damage plants, animals, and property.
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is not just loud sound — it is sound that has become unbearable and uncomfortable for human beings.
Urban Waste Disposal
Urban waste disposal is not just about throwing things away — it is about understanding what we discard, where it goes, and what it does to our environment and health.
Rural–Urban Migration
Rural–urban migration is the movement of people from countryside to cities. It is not a random drift — it is driven by a clear set of forces.
Problems of Slums
A slum is not just a cluster of poor-quality houses. It is a residential area of the least choice — a place people end up in because they have no other option.
Land Degradation
Land degradation is the decline in the productive capacity of land, either temporarily or permanently.
Multiple Choice Questions
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- Q1Which one of the following river is highly polluted? (a) Brahmaputra (b) Satluj (c) Yamuna (d) GodavariFree
- Q2Which one of the following deseases is caused by water pollution? (a) Conjunctivitis (b) Diarrhorea (c) Respiratory infections (d) Bronchiti…Free
- Q3Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain? (a) Water pollution (b) Land pollution (c) Noise pollution (d) Air pollutionPreview
- Q4Push and pull factors are responsible for– (a) Migration (b) Land degradation (c) Slums (d) Air pollutionPreview