Q.Read the following source and answer the given questions : The process of development of tribal area of Bharmaur started in 1970s when Gaddis were included among 'scheduled tribes'. Under the Fifth Five Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974 and Bharmaur was designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh. This area development plan was aimed at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other areas of Himachal Pradesh. This plan laid the highest priority on development of transport and communications, agriculture and allied activities, and social and community services. The most significant contribution of tribal development sub-plan in Bharmaur region is the development of infrastructure in terms of schools, healthcare facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity. But the villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are the main beneficiaries of infrastructural development. The remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas still do not have sufficient infrastructure. 4.1 Why is it necessary to develop infrastructural facilities for integrated development of a region ? Explain. 4.2 Mention the main objective of 'integrated tribal development project' in Bharmaur region. 4.3 Explain the outcome of tribal development sub-plan in this region.
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Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Infrastructure development is essential for integrated regional development because it connects communities to markets, services, and opportunities, enabling economic growth and social progress across all sectors simultaneously.
4.1 The Necessity of Infrastructure for Integrated Development
Infrastructure forms the skeleton on which all other development activities rest. Without roads, a farmer cannot transport produce to market; without electricity, small industries cannot function; without schools and health centres, human capital remains underdeveloped. The term "integrated development" itself implies that progress must occur across multiple fronts—economic, social, educational—and infrastructure is the common thread that ties these dimensions together.
In a tribal region like Bharmaur, geographical isolation compounds the problem. The Gaddis lived in remote mountainous terrain, cut off from the economic and administrative mainstream of Himachal Pradesh. Building roads and communication networks was not merely about convenience; it was about ending centuries of exclusion. When a village gains road access, children can attend school regularly, medical emergencies can be handled, government schemes can reach people, and agricultural surplus can find buyers. Similarly, electricity transforms evening hours into productive time for study or work, and potable water infrastructure frees women and children from the daily drudgery of fetching water from distant sources.
Infrastructure acts as a multiplier: a single road or power line unlocks potential across agriculture, education, health, and commerce simultaneously. Without it, targeted interventions in any one sector remain crippled.
Integrated development recognizes that poverty and underdevelopment are not single-issue problems. A tribal community may need better farming techniques, but if there is no road to transport the harvest, the intervention fails. They may need healthcare, but if there is no clinic within reachable distance, knowledge alone does not save lives. Infrastructure creates the enabling environment in which all other development inputs—credit, training, technology—can actually take root and deliver results.
4.2 The Main Objective of the Bharmaur ITDP
When Bharmaur was designated as an Integrated Tribal Development Project in 1974 under the Fifth Five Year Plan, the central objective was twofold: to improve the quality of life of the Gaddi community and to narrow the development gap between Bharmaur and the rest of Himachal Pradesh.
The Gaddis had been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe in the early 1970s, a formal acknowledgment of their historical marginalization and distinct socio-economic challenges. The ITDP framework was designed to address this backwardness comprehensively rather than through piecemeal interventions. The plan prioritized three broad areas:
- Transport and communications: to break the physical isolation of the region
- Agriculture and allied activities: to strengthen the economic base of a predominantly pastoral and farming community
- Social and community services: to provide education, healthcare, and other essential services that had been virtually absent
The underlying philosophy was not charity but equity—bringing Bharmaur up to a level where its people could participate in the broader economic and social life of the state on equal terms.
4.3 The Outcome of the Tribal Development Sub-Plan
The most visible and significant outcome of the tribal sub-plan in Bharmaur has been the creation of infrastructure. Schools, healthcare facilities, roads, communication networks, electricity, and potable water supply have all been established where none existed before. For the first time, many Gaddi villages gained access to the basic amenities that other parts of Himachal Pradesh had long taken for granted. …
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