(a) Write the output of the code given below: def shortsub(lst,n): for i in range(0,n): if len(lst)>4: lst[i]=

Question

Q. (a) Write the output of the code given below: def short_sub(lst,n): for i in range(0,n): if len(lst)>4: lst[i]=lst[i]+lst[i] else: lst[i]=lst[i] subject=['CS', 'HINDI', 'PHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRY', 'MATHS'] short_sub(subject, 5) print(subject)

(OR)

(b) Write the output of the code given below: a=30 def call(x): global a if a%2==0: x+=a else: x-=a return x x=20 print(call(35), end="#") print(call(40), end="@")

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Part (a)Concept understanding — Function Call Handling

Function Call Handling

Think about what happens when you ask a friend for a favour. You stop what you're doing, explain what you need, and then wait while your friend does the work. Once they finish, they come back to you with the result, and you resume whatever you were doing. That simple back-and-forth is the essence of how function calls work in programming.

The Everyday Intuition

Imagine you're cooking a meal. You have a recipe book open. The main recipe says "prepare the sauce" — but it doesn't list every single step for making the sauce right there. Instead, it expects you to know a separate sauce recipe. So you pause the main cooking, go make the sauce, and when it's ready, you return to the main dish and continue. The sauce recipe is like a function: a self-contained set of instructions that does one specific job.

In programming, a function call is exactly this: the main program says "go do this specific task," hands over any necessary information, waits for the task to complete, and then gets back whatever result the function produced.

The Precise Meaning

A function call is the instruction that tells the computer to execute a predefined block of code — the function — and then return control back to the point where the call was made. The function itself is a named, reusable set of instructions that performs a particular operation.

When a function is called, three things happen in sequence:

The current task is paused — the computer remembers exactly where it was in the main program.
Control is transferred to the function, along with any data the function needs to do its job (these are called arguments or parameters).
The function runs its instructions, produces a result (if any), and returns control — along with that result — back to the exact spot where the call was made.

Note

The key idea is temporary suspension. The main program does not end when a function is called; it simply steps aside, lets the function do its work, and then picks up exactly where it left off. This is different from jumping to a completely new program or starting over.

Why It Matters

Function call handling is not a trivial detail — it is the backbone of how programs are organised. Without it, every program would be one long, flat list of instructions, impossible to manage beyond a few dozen lines.

Here is why this concept is so important:

Reusability — You write a function once and call it as many times as needed. The same "calculate tax" function can be called for every customer without rewriting the logic.
Modularity — A program is broken into small, independent pieces. Each function does one thing well. This makes the program easier to understand, test, and fix.
Abstraction — When you call a function, you do not need to know how it works internally. You only need to know what it does and what information to give it. This is like driving a car without understanding the engine.
Readability — A program that uses function calls reads almost like an outline: "process order, calculate discount, send confirmation." Each step is a function name that describes what happens.

Important

The most common mistake beginners make is thinking that a function call "inserts" the function's code into the main program. It does not. The function's code stays in its own place. The call merely transfers control temporarily. This distinction matters because it explains how the same function can be called from many different places without duplicating code.

How the Computer Keeps Track …

Part (b)Concept understanding — Function Call Handling

Function Call Handling

The Everyday Intuition

The Precise Meaning

When a function is called, three things happen in sequence:

The current task is paused — the computer remembers exactly where it was in the main program.
Control is transferred to the function, along with any data the function needs to do its job (these are called arguments or parameters).
The function runs its instructions, produces a result (if any), and returns control — along with that result — back to the exact spot where the call was made.

Note

Why It Matters

Here is why this concept is so important:

Reusability — You write a function once and call it as many times as needed. The same "calculate tax" function can be called for every customer without rewriting the logic.
Modularity — A program is broken into small, independent pieces. Each function does one thing well. This makes the program easier to understand, test, and fix.
Abstraction — When you call a function, you do not need to know how it works internally. You only need to know what it does and what information to give it. This is like driving a car without understanding the engine.
Readability — A program that uses function calls reads almost like an outline: "process order, calculate discount, send confirmation." Each step is a function name that describes what happens.

Important

How the Computer Keeps Track …

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Part (a)

subject has 5 elements, so len(lst) is 5. Since 5 > 4 is True on every iteration, each of the 5 elements is doubled by lst[i] = lst[i] + lst[i] (string concatenation). The list is mutable, so it is changed in place.

def short_sub(lst, n):
    for i in range(0, n):
        if len(lst) > 4:
            lst[i] = lst[i] + lst[i]
        else:
            lst[i] = lst[i]

subject = ['CS', 'HINDI', 'PHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRY', 'MATHS']
short_sub(subject, 5)
print(subject)

Expected output:

['CSCS', 'HINDIHINDI', 'PHYSICSPHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY', 'MATHSMATHS'] …

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Part (a) -> ['CSCS', 'HINDIHINDI', 'PHYSICSPHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY', 'MATHSMATHS']

Part (b) -> 65#70@

Part (a)

The function loops i from 0 to n-1 (here 0 to 4) and, on each pass, tests len(lst) > 4. The list subject starts with 5 elements, and no element is ever added or removed, so len(lst) stays 5 throughout. Because 5 > 4 is True for every iteration, the if branch always runs and doubles the string at that index by concatenating it with itself. (Note: the existing "the list is unchanged" reading is wrong — 5 IS greater than 4.)

subject[0]: 'CS' + 'CS' -> 'CSCS'
subject[1]: 'HINDI' + 'HINDI' -> 'HINDIHINDI'
subject[2]: 'PHYSICS' + 'PHYSICS' -> 'PHYSICSPHYSICS'
subject[3]: 'CHEMISTRY' + 'CHEMISTRY' -> 'CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY'
subject[4]: 'MATHS' + 'MATHS' -> 'MATHSMATHS'

Lists are mutable and passed by reference, so the change is visible after the call.

def short_sub(lst, n):
    for i in range(0, n):
        if len(lst) > 4:
            lst[i] = lst[i] + lst[i]
        else:
            lst[i] = lst[i]

subject = ['CS', 'HINDI', 'PHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRY', 'MATHS']
short_sub(subject, 5)
print(subject)

Expected output:

['CSCS', 'HINDIHINDI', 'PHYSICSPHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY', 'MATHSMATHS'] …

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Q.(a) Write the output of the code given below: def short_sub(lst,n): for i in range(0,n): if len(lst)>4: lst[i]=lst[i]+lst[i] else: lst[i]=lst[i] subject=['CS', 'HINDI', 'PHYSICS', 'CHEMISTRY', 'MATHS'] short_sub(subject, 5) print(subject)

Part (a)

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