Which of the following polymers is stored in the liver of animals? (i) Amylose (ii) Cellulose (iii) Amylopecti

NCERT Exemplar · Q2

Q. Which of the following polymers is stored in the liver of animals?

(i) Amylose

(ii) Cellulose

(iii) Amylopectin

(iv) Glycogen

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Concept understanding — Carbohydrate Functions Plants

Carbohydrates in Plants: Why They Matter

Think of a plant as a factory that builds itself out of thin air and sunlight. The raw material is carbon dioxide from the air, the energy comes from sunlight, and the first product it makes is glucose — a simple sugar. That glucose is the starting point for everything else.

Now, glucose is useful, but it's also fragile and reactive. A plant can't just leave piles of glucose lying around. It needs to store that energy for later (like a battery), and it needs to build strong structures (like a skeleton). This is where carbohydrates come in — they are glucose molecules linked together in different ways to serve different purposes.

The Two Big Jobs of Carbohydrates in Plants

1. Energy Storage (The Battery)

Plants make glucose during the day when the sun shines. But they need energy at night too, and during cloudy days, and when they're growing new leaves or making seeds. So they pack glucose molecules into a long, branched chain called starch.

Note

Starch is to plants what glycogen is to animals — a compact, insoluble way to store glucose. It's stored in roots (potatoes), seeds (rice, wheat), and stems (sugarcane).

When the plant needs energy, it breaks starch back down into glucose, which it then burns (respires) to get ATP — the energy currency of cells.

2. Structural Support (The Skeleton)

Plants don't have bones. Instead, they build rigid cell walls from cellulose — a completely different arrangement of glucose molecules. Cellulose chains lie flat and hydrogen-bond to each other, forming incredibly strong, rope-like fibres.

Watch out

Humans cannot digest cellulose. We lack the enzyme (cellulase) to break the bonds between its glucose units. That's why grass and wood pass right through us — they're structural, not food for us.

Cellulose gives plant cells their shape, allows trees to grow tall, and makes leaves stiff enough to catch sunlight.

The Precise Statement

\alpha

There's also a third, less famous role: sucrose (table sugar) is the main form in which plants transport glucose from leaves to other parts. It's a disaccharide — two glucose-like units stuck together — that dissolves easily in sap and doesn't react as readily as pure glucose.

A Quick Comparison Table

Carbohydrate	Monomer	Bond type	Function	Where found
Starch	$\alpha$ -glucose	$\alpha$ -(1,4) and $\alpha$ -(1,6)	Energy storage	Roots, tubers, seeds
Cellulose	$\beta$ -glucose	$\beta$ -(1,4)	Structural support	Cell walls
Sucrose	Glucose + fructose	$\alpha$ -(1,2)	Transport	Phloem sap

The Key Insight

The difference between starch and cellulose is just one tiny twist in the shape of the glucose molecule ( $\alpha$ vs $\beta$ ). That twist changes everything: starch is digestible, soluble, and good for storage; cellulose is indigestible, insoluble, and strong enough to hold up a redwood tree. Same building block, completely different function — that's the elegance of carbohydrate chemistry in plants.

The distinct roles of starch, cellulose and sucrose in plants are grounded in the NCERT Class 11 Biology curriculum on biomolecules and plant physiology, a common source of short-answer questions in CBSE board exams. Anyone revising "functions of carbohydrates in plants class 11 biology" or the starch-versus-cellulose comparison will find this alpha- versus beta-glucose explanation matches the textbook's own framing.

Why this formula?

Carbohydrate Functions in Plants: Why They Matter

Carbohydrates are not just energy sources — they are the structural backbone and chemical currency of plant life. Let’s break down why each key function works the way it does.

1. Photosynthesis: The Source of All Carbohydrates

Key equation:

6CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{light, chlorophyll}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2

Why this holds:

Carbon fixation: Plants use light energy to split water ( $H_2O$ ) into protons, electrons, and oxygen. The electrons reduce $CO_2$ to form glucose ( $C_6H_{12}O_6$ ).
Energy storage: Glucose is the first stable carbohydrate — it stores chemical energy in its C–H bonds. The 6-carbon skeleton is ideal because it can be easily polymerised into starch or cellulose.
Oxygen as byproduct: The oxygen comes from water, not $CO_2$ — proven by isotope labelling ( $^{18}O$ in water appears in $O_2$ ).

Exam tip: Remember — the light reaction produces ATP and NADPH; the Calvin cycle uses them to reduce $CO_2$ to sugar.

2. Starch: Energy Reserve (Why Glucose is Stored as Starch)

Key formula:

\text{Glucose} \xrightarrow{\text{condensation}} \text{Amylose} + \text{Amylopectin} \ (\text{Starch})

Why starch, not free glucose?

Osmotic problem: Free glucose would draw water into cells via osmosis, causing swelling or bursting. Starch is insoluble — it doesn’t affect water potential.
Compact storage: Starch granules pack many glucose units in a small volume. Amylose is helical (tight), amylopectin is branched (even denser).
Quick mobilisation: Enzymes (amylases) can rapidly break starch back to glucose when energy is needed (e.g., at night, during germination).

Derivation insight: The $\alpha$ -(1→4) and $\alpha$ -(1→6) glycosidic bonds in starch are hydrolysable — this is why starch is a reserve, not a structural material.

3. Cellulose: Structural Support (Why Glucose is Polymerised Differently)

Key formula:

\text{Glucose} \xrightarrow{\beta\text{-(1→4) bonds}} \text{Cellulose} \ (\text{linear chains})

Why $\beta$ bonds instead of $\alpha$ ?

$\beta$ -(1→4) linkage flips every alternate glucose molecule 180°. This allows hydrogen bonding between parallel chains, forming strong microfibrils.
Rigidity: Cellulose is crystalline — it resists tensile stress. This is why plant cell walls can withstand turgor pressure.
Indigestibility: Most animals (including humans) lack cellulase enzymes. Only ruminants and termites (with microbial symbionts) can break $\beta$ bonds.

Key contrast: Starch = $\alpha$ bonds (flexible, digestible). Cellulose = $\beta$ bonds (rigid, indigestible). This is a classic exam comparison.

4. Sucrose: Transport Sugar (Why Not Glucose?)

Key formula:

\text{Glucose} + \text{Fructose} \xrightarrow{\text{glycosidic bond}} \text{Sucrose} + H_2O

Why sucrose for transport?

Non-reducing sugar: Sucrose has no free aldehyde/ketone group — it doesn’t react with proteins or other molecules during transport. Glucose would.
Energy efficiency: Sucrose carries two hexoses per molecule — twice the energy per transport event.
Phloem loading: Sucrose is actively loaded into sieve tubes via SUT transporters (sucrose uptake transporters). This creates osmotic flow (pressure flow hypothesis).

Derivation note: The glycosidic bond between glucose (C1) and fructose (C2) blocks both reducing ends — this is why sucrose is non-reducing.

5. Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Pectin and Hemicellulose

Key formula (pectin):

\text{Galacturonic acid} \xrightarrow{\alpha\text{-(1→4) bonds}} \text{Pectin}

Why pectin?

Gel-forming: Pectin’s negative charges (from uronic acids) bind $Ca^{2+}$ ions, forming a gel that cements adjacent cell walls.
Flexibility: Unlike cellulose, pectin is amorphous — it allows cell expansion during growth.
Fruit ripening: Enzymes (pectinases) break pectin, softening fruit — a key agricultural concept.

Summary Table: Why Each Carbohydrate Exists

Carbohydrate	Function	Why this form?
Glucose	Immediate energy	Soluble, easily metabolised
Starch	Long-term storage	Insoluble, compact, mobilisable
Cellulose	Structural support	Strong $\beta$ bonds, crystalline
Sucrose	Transport	Non-reducing, energy-dense
Pectin	Cell adhesion	Gel-forming, flexible

Final Exam-Ready Takeaway

Every carbohydrate’s structure is a direct consequence of its function.

Starch = $\alpha$ bonds → storage (easy to break).

Cellulose = $\beta$ bonds → structure (hard to break).

Sucrose = blocked reducing ends → safe transport.

If you understand why the bonds differ, you can derive the function — no rote memorisation needed.

The liver stores glucose in a compact, highly branched polymer called glycogen — the correct option is (iv).

The question asks which polymer is stored in the liver of animals. This is a straightforward recall from the chapter on biomolecules, but let’s build the reasoning from first principles so you never confuse these four polysaccharides again.

What does the liver need to store?

The liver acts as a glucose reservoir for the entire body. When blood sugar is high (after a meal), the liver removes glucose and packs it away. When blood sugar drops (between meals or during exercise), it breaks that storage down to release glucose. So the stored polymer must be easily assembled and disassembled — and it must be soluble enough to move within liver cells, yet compact to save space.
Why not amylose or amylopectin?

Amylose and amylopectin are the two components of starch — the storage polysaccharide of plants.
- Amylose is a long, unbranched chain of glucose linked by $\alpha$ ‑1,4 glycosidic bonds. It’s too linear and forms a helical structure that is less accessible for rapid breakdown.
- Amylopectin is branched (with $\alpha$ ‑1,6 bonds at branch points), but its branching is relatively sparse — about one branch every 24–30 glucose units. Both are found in plant cells (e.g., potato tubers, cereal grains), not in animal tissues. The liver of an animal has no use for plant starch.
Why not cellulose?

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Its glucose units are linked by $\beta$ ‑1,4 bonds, which humans (and most animals) cannot digest because we lack the enzyme cellulase. Even if the liver could store it, cellulose is insoluble and rigid — the exact opposite of what a dynamic glucose store needs. So cellulose is out.
What about glycogen?

Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch. It is also a polymer of $\alpha$ ‑D‑glucose, but with a crucial difference:
- It is far more branched than amylopectin — branches occur every 8–12 glucose units.
- This high branching gives it a compact, globular shape, which packs many glucose units into a small volume inside liver and muscle cells.
- The many non‑reducing ends (one per branch) allow rapid simultaneous release of glucose when the body needs energy — the liver can mobilise glucose in seconds.
- Glycogen is stored in the liver (and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscles) of animals, including humans.

Watch out

A common mistake is to pick amylopectin because it is branched — but amylopectin is a plant starch component, not an animal storage form. The branching density of glycogen is much higher, and only glycogen is found in animal liver.

Elimination table for clarity:

Polymer	Source	Bond type	Branching	Stored in liver?
Amylose	Plants	$\alpha$ ‑1,4	None	No
Cellulose	Plants	$\beta$ ‑1,4	None	No
Amylopectin	Plants	$\alpha$ ‑1,4 + $\alpha$ ‑1,6	Sparse	No
Glycogen	Animals	$\alpha$ ‑1,4 + $\alpha$ ‑1,6	Dense	Yes

Tip

A quick memory aid: Glycogen sounds like “glucose generator” — exactly what the liver does. Starch (amylose + amylopectin) is for plants; glycogen is for animals.

✓Final answer

The correct option is (iv) Glycogen .

Here is the breakdown of the common mistakes students make on this question, along with the concept-first understanding needed to avoid them.

The Core Concept: Polysaccharides as Energy Reserves

The question tests your understanding of polysaccharides and their biological roles. The key is knowing which polymer is used for short-term energy storage in animals.

Plants store energy as starch (a mixture of Amylose and Amylopectin).
Animals (including humans) store energy as Glycogen, primarily in the liver and muscles.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide (for cell walls in plants), not an energy store.

Correct Answer: (D) Glycogen

Common Mistake #1: Confusing Glycogen with Starch Components

The Mistake: Students pick Amylopectin (C) because they remember it is "branched" like glycogen. They forget that amylopectin is a component of plant starch, not an animal storage molecule.

Why it happens: Both glycogen and amylopectin are branched polymers of glucose. The similarity in structure (α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages) causes confusion.

How to Avoid It:

Remember the Source: Always associate the polymer with its biological origin.
- Amylose & Amylopectin → Plants (starch).
- Glycogen → Animals (liver/muscle).
Use a Mnemonic: "Glycogen is for Goats (animals). Amylopectin is for Apples (plants)."

Common Mistake #2: Forgetting the Function of Cellulose

The Mistake: Students pick Cellulose (B) because they vaguely recall it is a "polymer of glucose" and think the liver stores "fiber" or "energy."

Why it happens: Students memorize that cellulose is a polymer but fail to distinguish between structural and storage polysaccharides.

How to Avoid It:

Link Structure to Function: Cellulose has β-1,4 linkages. Animals lack the enzyme (cellulase) to break these bonds. Therefore, it cannot be a source of stored energy.
Key Question: "Is this molecule meant to be broken down for energy, or to provide strength?" Cellulose = strength (cell walls). Glycogen = energy (liver).

Common Mistake #3: Misreading "Liver of Animals"

The Mistake: Students pick Amylose (A) because they think "liver" is just a generic organ that stores "sugars" or "starch."

Why it happens: Careless reading. They see "polymer" and "stored" and jump to the most common storage polymer they know (starch/amylose).

How to Avoid It:

Highlight Keywords: In the exam, mentally underline "liver" and "animals." This immediately rules out plant-specific polymers.
Process of Elimination:
1. Is it a plant polymer? (Amylose, Amylopectin, Cellulose) → Eliminate.
2. Is it an animal polymer? (Glycogen) → Select.

Quick Summary Table for Revision

Polymer	Source	Function	Linkage Type
Glycogen	Animals	Energy storage (liver, muscle)	α-1,4 & α-1,6
Amylose	Plants	Energy storage (starch)	α-1,4 (linear)
Amylopectin	Plants	Energy storage (starch)	α-1,4 & α-1,6 (branched)
Cellulose	Plants	Structural (cell wall)	β-1,4 (linear)

Final Tip: When you see a question about storage in the liver, your brain should immediately flash "Glycogen." Do not let the structural similarity of amylopectin distract you from the biological source.

Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Write the name of two polysaccharides found in plants.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
The two important polysaccharides found in plants are starch and cellulose.

Concept. Polysaccharides are long condensation polymers of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages. In plants:

Starch — the food-storage polysaccharide, a polymer of $\alpha$ -D-glucose consisting of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched).

Cellulose — the structural polysaccharide making up the plant cell wall, a linear polymer of $\beta$ -D-glucose.

✓Final answer
$Starch and cellulose are the two polysaccharides found in plants.$
CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Which of the following is a polysaccharide ?$
(a) maltose
(b) sucrose
(c) fructose
(d) cellulose
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cellulose is a polymer of thousands of glucose units (a polysaccharide); maltose and sucrose are disaccharides and fructose is a monosaccharide. Answer: (d).

Maltose = glucose + glucose (disaccharide).

Sucrose = glucose + fructose (disaccharide).

Fructose = single sugar unit (monosaccharide).

Cellulose = long chain of beta-D-glucose units joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds (polysaccharide).

✓Final answer
$(d) Cellulose.$
CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose?$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Both are glucose polymers, but they differ in the type of glycosidic linkage joining the glucose units — $\alpha$ in starch, $\beta$ in cellulose — which changes the overall shape and digestibility of the polymer.

Structural comparison

Starch is a polymer of $\alpha$ -D-glucose units. It consists of two components: amylose (a long unbranched chain of glucose units joined by $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$ -glycosidic linkages, which coils into a helical structure) and amylopectin (a branched-chain polysaccharide of glucose units joined mainly by $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$ linkages, with branching through $\alpha(1\rightarrow6)$ -glycosidic linkages roughly every 25 units).

Cellulose is a polymer made up only of $\beta$ -D-glucose units, joined exclusively by $\beta(1\rightarrow4)$ -glycosidic linkages, forming a long, straight, unbranched chain. These linear chains run parallel and are extensively hydrogen-bonded to each other, giving cellulose fibres great mechanical strength (as in the plant cell wall).

Consequence: Human digestive enzymes ( $\alpha$ -amylase etc.) can hydrolyse the $\alpha$ -glycosidic linkages of starch (making it digestible/an energy-storage molecule), but cannot hydrolyse the $\beta$ -glycosidic linkages of cellulose (making it indigestible to humans and structural in function).

✓Final answer
$\alpha$
CBSE 2024Set A11 markMCQ
$Q. The carbohydrate which is also known as animal starch and stored in animal body is :$
(a) Starch
(b) Sucrose
(c) Glycogen
(d) Cellulose
›Reveal solutionSolution
Glycogen is the reserve carbohydrate stored in the animal body, hence "animal starch" — option (c).

Carbohydrates that act as food-storage (reserve) polysaccharides differ between plants and animals:

In plants the reserve carbohydrate is starch.

In animals the reserve carbohydrate is glycogen, stored mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. Because it plays the same storage role as plant starch, it is commonly called animal starch.

Sucrose is a disaccharide (transport sugar in plants) and cellulose is a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls — neither is a storage carbohydrate of animals.

✓Final answer
$(c) Glycogen$
CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Name two components of starch.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Starch is a mixture of two glucose polymers — the linear, helical amylose and the highly branched amylopectin.

Starch, the storage polysaccharide of plants, is composed of two distinct components, both built from $\alpha$ -D-glucose units:

Amylose (≈15–20% of starch): a linear, unbranched chain of $\alpha$ -D-glucose units joined by $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$ glycosidic linkages. It coils into a helical shape and is responsible for the blue-black colour starch gives with iodine (iodine molecules slot inside the helix).

Amylopectin (≈80–85% of starch): a highly branched polymer of $\alpha$ -D-glucose, built from $\alpha(1\rightarrow4)$ linkages along the chains with additional $\alpha(1\rightarrow6)$ glycosidic branch points roughly every 25 glucose units. It is largely water-insoluble.

✓Final answer
$The two components of starch are amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched).$
CBSE 2023Set F1 markMCQ
$Q. Which of the following carbohydrates is the most abundant in nature?$
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Starch
(d) Cellulose
›Reveal solutionSolution

Cellulose, the structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, is the most abundant carbohydrate (and organic compound) on Earth.

Cellulose is a straight-chain polymer of beta-D-glucose units joined by beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages. It forms the structural framework of plant cell walls and, since plants dominate the biosphere, it is the single most abundant carbohydrate in nature. Glucose and fructose are simple sugars present in far smaller amounts, and starch (a storage polysaccharide) is abundant but less so than cellulose.

✓Final answer
$(d) Cellulose.$
CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. A mixture of amylose and amylopectin is called ______.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Starch, the storage polysaccharide in plants, is a mixture of two glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin.

Starch is made of two components:

Amylose (~15-20%): a long unbranched chain of alpha-D-glucose units joined by C1-C4 glycosidic linkages; it is water-soluble and responsible for the blue colour with iodine.

Amylopectin (~80-85%): a branched-chain polymer of alpha-D-glucose, with branching occurring through C1-C6 glycosidic linkages; it is insoluble in water.

Together these form the granules of starch found in cereals, potatoes, rice, and other plant storage tissues, and starch is the chief storage polysaccharide of plants.

✓Final answer
$A mixture of amylose and amylopectin is called starch.$
CBSE 2020Set HE8221 mark
$Q. Write True or False: Starch is an artificial polymer.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Starch is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, built entirely of α-D-glucose units (as amylose and amylopectin) synthesised by plants — it is a natural, not artificial, polymer.

The statement is False.

Starch is a polysaccharide (a carbohydrate biomolecule), made of a very large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic linkages. It occurs naturally in plants (seeds, tubers, roots) as the main storage form of energy, and consists of:

Amylose (15–20%): a long unbranched chain of $\alpha$ -D-glucose units linked by C1–C4 glycosidic bonds.

Amylopectin (80–85%): a branched-chain polymer with additional C1–C6 branch linkages.

Since starch occurs naturally and is not synthesised in a laboratory/factory, it is classed as a natural polymer, alongside cellulose, proteins and nucleic acids — the opposite of an artificial (synthetic) polymer like nylon or polythene.

✓Final answer
$False — starch is a natural polymer, not an artificial one.$
CBSE 2019Set 56/2/11 mark
$Q. What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose?$
(OR)
$Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of DNA.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Part (a): starch = $\alpha$ -glucose, $\alpha$ -(1→4)/(1→6) links (helical, digestible); cellulose = $\beta$ -glucose, $\beta$ -(1→4) links (linear, indigestible). Part (b): DNA hydrolyses to 2-deoxyribose, phosphoric acid, and the bases A, G, C and T.

Part (a): Starch vs cellulose

Both are homopolymers of D-glucose, yet they behave oppositely because of the configuration at C-1 of the ring:

Monomer: starch is built from $\alpha$ -D-glucose, cellulose from $\beta$ -D-glucose.

Linkage: starch uses $\alpha$ -(1→4) bonds (in amylose) plus $\alpha$ -(1→6) branch points (in amylopectin); cellulose uses only $\beta$ -(1→4) bonds.

Shape/function: the $\alpha$ -linkage coils starch into a helix (energy store, digestible by human $\alpha$ -amylase); the $\beta$ -linkage flips alternate units to give a straight, H-bonded chain (structural cell-wall material, not digestible by humans, who lack cellulase).

The basic structural difference is therefore the anomeric form of glucose and the type of glycosidic linkage: $\alpha$ -1,4 in starch versus $\beta$ -1,4 in cellulose.

✓Final answer
$\alpha$

Part (b): Products of hydrolysis of DNA

DNA is a polynucleotide; each nucleotide is (base + sugar + phosphate). On complete hydrolysis the three building blocks are released:

Sugar — $\beta$ -D-2-deoxyribose (a pentose lacking the C-2 –OH).

Phosphoric acid — $H_3PO_4$ .

Nitrogen bases — the purines adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines cytosine and thymine. (DNA contains thymine, not uracil, and 2-deoxyribose, not ribose — the two features that distinguish it from RNA.)

✓Final answer
$\beta$

←Previous questionQ1 — Glycogen is a branched chain polymer of α-D-glucose units in which cha…→Next questionQ3 — Sucrose (cane sugar) is a disaccharide. One molecule of sucrose on hyd…

Q.Which of the following polymers is stored in the liver of animals?

Concept understanding — Carbohydrate Functions Plants

Carbohydrates in Plants: Why They Matter

The Two Big Jobs of Carbohydrates in Plants

1. Energy Storage (The Battery)

2. Structural Support (The Skeleton)

The Precise Statement

A Quick Comparison Table

The Key Insight

Why this formula?

Carbohydrate Functions in Plants: Why They Matter

1. Photosynthesis: The Source of All Carbohydrates

Why this holds:

2. Starch: Energy Reserve (Why Glucose is Stored as Starch)

Why starch, not free glucose?

3. Cellulose: Structural Support (Why Glucose is Polymerised Differently)

Why $\beta$ bonds instead of $\alpha$ ?

4. Sucrose: Transport Sugar (Why Not Glucose?)

Why sucrose for transport?

5. Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Pectin and Hemicellulose

Why pectin?

Summary Table: Why Each Carbohydrate Exists

Final Exam-Ready Takeaway

Concept: Storage Polysaccharides in Animals

Method: Functional Classification of Polysaccharides

Steps:

The Core Concept: Polysaccharides as Energy Reserves

Common Mistake #1: Confusing Glycogen with Starch Components

Common Mistake #2: Forgetting the Function of Cellulose

Common Mistake #3: Misreading "Liver of Animals"

Quick Summary Table for Revision

Part (a): Starch vs cellulose

Part (b): Products of hydrolysis of DNA

Q.Which of the following polymers is stored in the liver of animals?

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