Q.What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed?
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Lactose Hydrolysis Products – From Intuition to Precision
Imagine you have a glass of milk. That slightly sweet taste comes from a sugar called lactose. But lactose is a disaccharide – it's actually two smaller sugar units joined together. If you could "unstick" those two units, you'd get two simpler sugars. That unsticking process is hydrolysis (water + breaking), and the two simpler sugars you get are the hydrolysis products.
The Intuition: Breaking a Sugar Chain
Think of lactose as a train with exactly two carriages. The coupling between them is a chemical bond. When you add water and the right conditions (like an enzyme called lactase, or an acid), that bond snaps. The train splits into two separate carriages. Each carriage is now a free, smaller sugar molecule.
So the hydrolysis products are simply the two individual sugar units that were originally linked to form lactose.
The Precise Statement
Lactose (C12H22O11) is a disaccharide composed of one molecule of D-galactose and one molecule of D-glucose linked by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond. Upon hydrolysis (reaction with water), this bond is cleaved, yielding the two monosaccharides:
Lactose+H2Olactase or acidD-Galactose+D-Glucose
The two hydrolysis products are:
- D-Galactose – a monosaccharide (aldohexose, C6H12O6)
- D-Glucose – a monosaccharide (aldohexose, C6H12O6)
Both are reducing sugars, and both have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but differ in the arrangement of the hydroxyl group on carbon 4 (they are C-4 epimers).
In the body, the enzyme lactase (present in the small intestine) performs this hydrolysis so that the resulting glucose and galactose can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Lactose intolerance occurs when lactase activity is low, leaving lactose undigested.
Why This Matters for Exams
- Always name both products: galactose and glucose. Never just "sugars" or "monosaccharides."
- Know the bond: β(1→4) glycosidic linkage. Hydrolysis breaks this specific bond. …
Why this formula?
Lactose Hydrolysis Products — Understanding the Why
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond. When it undergoes hydrolysis, the bond is broken, yielding specific products. Let's build the reasoning step by step.
1. What is lactose chemically?
- Lactose = galactose β(1→4) glucose
- The bond is between:
- Carbon-1 of galactose (in β configuration)
- Carbon-4 of glucose
So the structural formula is:
Galactose−O−Glucose
2. What does hydrolysis do?
Hydrolysis means "splitting with water." The reaction is:
Lactose+H2Olactase or acidGalactose+Glucose
The water molecule adds across the glycosidic bond:
- The H from water attaches to the oxygen of the galactose (forming a free –OH on galactose)
- The OH from water attaches to the carbon-1 of glucose (forming a free –OH on glucose)
3. Why are the products exactly galactose and glucose?
Because the glycosidic bond is between specific carbons:
- Galactose contributes its anomeric carbon (C1)
- Glucose contributes its C4
When the bond breaks, each sugar regains its free anomeric carbon (in the case of galactose) or free hydroxyl at C4 (in the case of glucose). No rearrangement occurs — the monosaccharides are released as they were originally linked.
4. Key formula — the hydrolysis equation
The balanced chemical equation:
CX12HX22OX11+HX2OCX6HX12OX6+CX6HX12OX6
- Lactose: CX12HX22OX11
- Water: HX2O
- Products: two molecules of CX6HX12OX6 (one galactose, one glucose)
Why the same molecular formula?
Both galactose and glucose are aldohexoses — they have the same molecular formula CX6HX12OX6 but differ in the arrangement of –OH groups (epimers at C4).
5. The "why" behind the formula
- Mass conservation: The total number of C, H, O atoms before and after must match. …
A DNA nucleotide containing thymine is built from three parts: the base thymine, the sugar deoxyribose, and a phosphate group, joined by an N-glycosidic bond and a phosphoester bond.
- Complete hydrolysis cleaves both of these bonds. …
Hydrolysis of a DNA nucleotide containing thymine breaks it down into three components: the nitrogenous base thymine, the sugar deoxyribose, and phosphoric acid. The final products are thymine, deoxyribose, and phosphate.
Why This Question Tests a Core Concept
This question isn't about memorising a random reaction — it's about understanding what a nucleotide is. A nucleotide from DNA has three parts: a nitrogenous base (here, thymine), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. Hydrolysis is simply the reverse of the condensation reaction that built the nucleotide. Water molecules break the bonds between these components, releasing each one intact.
The key insight: hydrolysis does not alter the chemical identity of the base, sugar, or phosphate. It just separates them.
Step-by-Step Breakdown
-
Identify the starting material.
The question specifies "a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine". In DNA, the sugar is always deoxyribose, and the base is thymine. The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar via a phosphoester bond. So the nucleotide is deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
-
Understand what hydrolysis does.
Hydrolysis uses water to cleave covalent bonds. In a nucleotide, there are two types of bonds that can break:
- The N-glycosidic bond between the base (thymine) and the sugar (deoxyribose).
- The phosphoester bond between the phosphate group and the sugar.
Both bonds are susceptible to hydrolysis under appropriate conditions (e.g., acid, base, or enzymatic catalysis).
-
Break the N-glycosidic bond.
Water attacks the bond connecting the C1' of deoxyribose to N1 of thymine. This releases free thymine and leaves deoxyribose with an –OH group at C1'.
-
Break the phosphoester bond.
Water also attacks the bond between the phosphate and the C5' of deoxyribose. This releases free phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) and leaves deoxyribose with an –OH at C5'. …
Method: Stepwise Hydrolysis of DNA Nucleotides
This method uses the sequential breakdown of a DNA nucleotide by progressively stronger chemical treatments, identifying products at each stage.
Step 1 – Identify the starting molecule
A DNA nucleotide containing thymine has three components:
- Phosphate group (PO43−)
- Deoxyribose sugar (C5H10O4)
- Thymine nitrogenous base (C5H6N2O2)
Step 2 – Mild hydrolysis (cleaves the weakest bond)
Reagent: Dilute acid or enzyme (e.g., nuclease)
Bond broken: Phosphoester bond between phosphate and sugar
Products formed:
- Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
- Nucleoside (deoxyribose + thymine) — called thymidine
Step 3 – Strong hydrolysis (cleaves the glycosidic bond)
Reagent: Concentrated acid (e.g., 1M HCl at 100°C) or strong base
Bond broken: C-N glycosidic bond between deoxyribose and thymine …
Here are the common mistakes students make when answering this question, along with how to avoid each one.
Mistake 1: Confusing DNA and RNA sugars
- The error: Students often write ribose (the sugar in RNA) instead of deoxyribose (the sugar in DNA). Since the question specifies "a nucleotide from DNA", the sugar must be deoxyribose.
- Why it happens: The structures of ribose and deoxyribose are very similar, and students memorise the general "sugar + base + phosphate" formula without checking which nucleic acid is being discussed.
- How to avoid: Always check the type of nucleic acid first.
- DNA → deoxyribose (missing an -OH group on the 2' carbon).
- RNA → ribose (has an -OH group on the 2' carbon).
- Memory trick: "DNA is Deoxy — it's missing an oxygen."
Mistake 2: Forgetting that thymine is a pyrimidine
- The error: Students sometimes treat thymine like a purine (adenine or guanine) and incorrectly assume it will break into a larger, two-ring structure upon hydrolysis.
- Why it happens: Students memorise the four bases but don't always classify them into purines (two rings) vs. pyrimidines (one ring). Thymine is a pyrimidine, so its hydrolysis product is a single-ring structure.
- How to avoid: Memorise the classification:
- Purines (two rings): Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
- Pyrimidines (one ring): Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)
- When a nucleotide is hydrolysed, the base is released intact — it does not break into smaller rings. So thymine remains as thymine.
Mistake 3: Writing the wrong number of products
- The error: Students list only two products (e.g., "thymine and deoxyribose") or four products (e.g., "thymine, deoxyribose, phosphate, and water").
- Why it happens: They either forget the phosphate group or add extra molecules that are not formed.
- How to avoid: Complete hydrolysis of a nucleotide breaks both covalent linkages joining its three components — the N-glycosidic bond (base–sugar) and the phosphoester bond (phosphate–sugar). Two bonds broken, but three products released:
- Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Thymine (the nitrogenous base)
- Formula to remember: Nucleotide → Phosphate + Sugar + Base.
Mistake 4: Writing the sugar as "glucose" or "fructose"
- The error: Students confuse the pentose sugar in nucleic acids with hexose sugars (like glucose) found in carbohydrates.
- Why it happens: The word "sugar" triggers a memory of common monosaccharides, but nucleic acids use a pentose (5-carbon sugar), not a hexose.
- How to avoid: Explicitly learn that: …
Showing the 12 most recent of 16 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set 56/3/11 markMCQQ.On hydrolysis, which of the following carbohydrates gives only glucose ? (A) Sucrose (B) Galactose (C) Lactose (D) Maltose
›Reveal solutionSolution
Hydrolysis breaks glycosidic bonds in disaccharides to release monosaccharides. Only maltose yields glucose alone because it is composed of two glucose units linked together. The answer is (D).
Understanding Carbohydrate Hydrolysis
When a disaccharide undergoes hydrolysis, water molecules break the glycosidic bond connecting two monosaccharide units. The products depend entirely on which monosaccharides were originally joined to form that disaccharide. To answer this question, we need to know the composition of each carbohydrate listed.
The key insight: if a disaccharide is made from two identical glucose molecules, hydrolysis will give us only glucose. If it contains any other monosaccharide (fructose, galactose), those will appear in the products too.
Analyzing Each Option
- Sucrose (Option A) Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose linked by an α(1→2) glycosidic bond. When hydrolyzed:
Sucrose+H2O⟶Glucose+Fructose
This gives two different monosaccharides, so sucrose does not yield only glucose.
-
Galactose (Option B)
Galactose is already a monosaccharide (a simple sugar). It cannot be hydrolyzed further because there are no glycosidic bonds to break. This option is a distractor—hydrolysis doesn't apply here.
-
Lactose (Option C)
Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is composed of glucose and galactose joined by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis produces:
Lactose+H2O⟶Glucose+Galactose
Again, two different monosaccharides result, not just glucose.
- Maltose (Option D) …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Fill in the blank: Sucrose on hydrolysis gives glucose and ________.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose; hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond releasing both monosaccharides.
Sucrose + H2O --(acid or enzyme invertase)--> Glucose + Fructose
…
- CBSE 2025Set BOTANY1 markMCQQ.Fill in the blank selecting the appropriate one: The enzyme beta-galactosidase breaks lactose into ____ and glucose.(a) galactose(b) sucrose(c) glycerol(d) erythrose
›Reveal solutionSolution
beta-galactosidase splits the disaccharide lactose into its two monosaccharide units, galactose and glucose.
Lactose is a disaccharide made of one galactose unit joined to one glucose unit by a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond. The enzyme beta-galactosidase (encoded by the z gene of the lac operon) hydrolyses this bond, releasing galactose and glucose, which the cell can then metabolise. Since the questio …
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Name the milk sugar present in milk.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Lactose ("milk sugar") is the main sugar found in milk, a disaccharide made of glucose and galactose joined by a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage.
Milk contains lactose as its principal carbohydrate, typically making up around 4-5% of milk by mass. Lactose is a disaccharide formed from one molecule of beta-D-galactose and one molecule of beta-D-glucose linked by a beta-1,4-glycosidic bond. On hydrolysis (e.g. b …
- CBSE 2023Set F1 markMCQQ.Which of the following disaccharides is present in milk?(a) Sucrose(b) Lactose(c) Maltose(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Lactose (glucose + galactose) is the disaccharide naturally present in milk.
Lactose, commonly called milk sugar, is made of one D-glucose and one D-galactose unit joined by a beta-1,4-glycosidic bond. It occurs in the milk of mammals. Sucrose (cane sugar) is gluco …
- CBSE 2023Set A1 markQ.Match the following. Column A item: 'Milk sugar'. Choose its correct match from Column B:(a) Ether(b) Primary amine(c) Lactose(d) C12H22O11(e) Glucose(f) Negative ions(g) C6H5SO2Cl(h) +7
›Reveal solutionSolution
'Milk sugar' is the common name for lactose, the disaccharide found in milk.
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose units joined by a glycosidic linkage; it is naturally pr …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Which of the following disaccharide is present in milk?(i) Sucrose(ii) Glucose(iii) Lactose(iv) Cellulose
›Reveal solutionSolution
Lactose ('milk sugar') is the characteristic disaccharide of milk.
Sucrose is cane/beet sugar; glucose is a monosaccharide, not a disaccharide; cellulose is a polysaccharide (plant cell walls). Lactose is a disaccharide made of one glucose and one galactose unit joined by a β-1,4 glycosidic linkage, an …
- CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 markQ.What are the expected products of hydrolysis of lactose?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide of glucose + galactose; on hydrolysis it yields one molecule of glucose and one of galactose.
Lactose, or milk sugar, is a reducing disaccharide.
It is composed of one β-D-galactose unit and one β-D-glucose unit linked by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.
On hydrolysis (acid- or enzyme-catalysed by lactase), this glycosidic linkage is cleaved:
…
- CBSE 2021Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Name the sugar present in the milk.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Milk sugar = lactose, a disaccharide of glucose + galactose.
Milk contains the disaccharide lactose ("milk sugar"), made of one molecule of β-D-galactose and one molecule of β-D-glucose joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic linkage.
…
- CBSE 2020Set 56/3/11 markQ.Name the disaccharide which on hydrolysis gives two molecules of glucose.
›Reveal solutionSolution
The disaccharide that yields two molecules of glucose upon hydrolysis is maltose, because it is composed of two α-D-glucose units linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond.
The key to this question lies in understanding what a disaccharide is and how hydrolysis works. A disaccharide is a carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides join together through a glycosidic bond, with the elimination of a water molecule. Hydrolysis is the reverse process — adding water breaks that bond, releasing the two original monosaccharides.
So the question is simply: which common disaccharide is built from two glucose units? Let’s recall the major disaccharides and their monosaccharide components.
- Sucrose (table sugar) is made of one glucose and one fructose. Hydrolysis gives glucose + fructose — not two glucoses.
- Lactose (milk sugar) is made of one glucose and one galactose. Hydrolysis gives glucose + galactose — again, not two glucoses.
- Maltose (malt sugar) is made of two glucose units. Hydrolysis of maltose yields exactly two molecules of glucose.
- Cellobiose is also made of two glucose units, but it is a product of cellulose breakdown and less commonly encountered in basic exam contexts. However, it too gives two glucoses on hydrolysis. …
- CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Which disaccharide on hydrolysis in presence of the catalyst invertase produces glucose and fructose?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Sucrose is the disaccharide that, on enzymatic hydrolysis by invertase, breaks the glycosidic bond to give one molecule each of glucose and fructose.
Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide formed by an alpha-1,2-glycosidic linkage between the anomeric carbons of alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-fructose (which is why, unlike maltose or lactose, it shows no free reducing end). On hydrolysis - either by dilute acid or by the enzyme invertase (sucrase) - this glycosidic bond is cleaved:
Sucrose + H2O --invertase--> Glucose + Fructose
…
- CBSE 2020Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The disaccharides present in milk is(a) sucrose(b) maltose(c) lactose(d) cellulose
›Reveal solutionSolution
Milk's characteristic sugar is lactose, a disaccharide of galactose and glucose — option (c).
Lactose is the principal carbohydrate found in milk. It is a reducing disaccharide made of one unit of β-D-galactose and one unit of β-D-glucose, joined by a β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. Sucrose (cane sugar) comes from sug …
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