Q.Differentiate the function sin3x+cos6x with respect to x.
Concept understanding — Chain Rule
The Chain Rule: Why It Makes Sense
Imagine you're assembling a toy. First you put part A into part B, then you put that combined piece into part C. The final toy's position depends on how you moved A, which then affected B, which then affected C. That's exactly what the chain rule captures — how a change in the first variable ripples through a sequence of functions to affect the final output.
Let's make this concrete. Suppose you have a function f that depends on g, and g itself depends on x:
y=f(g(x))
You want to know: if x changes by a tiny amount, how much does y change? The answer isn't just f′(g(x)) — because g(x) itself changes when x changes. You have to multiply the two rates:
- How fast does g change with respect to x? That's g′(x).
- How fast does f change with respect to its input g? That's f′(g(x)).
The total effect is the product:
dxdy=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)
In Leibniz notation, this looks even more natural: dxdy=dudy⋅dxdu, where u=g(x). The du's "cancel" like fractions — though this is just a helpful memory aid, not a rigorous proof.
The Precise Statement
Chain Rule (single variable): If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite function h(x)=f(g(x)) is differentiable at x, and
h′(x)=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)
That's it. One multiplication. But the power is enormous — it lets you differentiate almost any nested function.
A Simple Example
Differentiate h(x)=sin(3x2).
Here f(u)=sinu and g(x)=3x2. Then:
- f′(u)=cosu, so f′(g(x))=cos(3x2)
- g′(x)=6x
Multiply: h′(x)=cos(3x2)⋅6x=6xcos(3x2)
The most common mistake is forgetting to multiply by the inner derivative. Students often write dxdsin(3x2)=cos(3x2) and stop — that's wrong. The chain rule demands you also multiply by 6x.
Why It's Called a "Chain"
Think of a chain of links: x→g→f. Each link has its own rate of change. To find the total rate from x to f, you multiply the rates of each link. If you had three functions — say h(x)=f(g(k(x))) — you'd multiply three derivatives:
h′(x)=f′(g(k(x)))⋅g′(k(x))⋅k′(x)
The chain can be as long as you like. Each new function adds one more factor.
The Intuition in One Sentence
The chain rule says: the rate of change of the whole is the product of the rates of change of the parts, evaluated at the right places.
The chain rule is not optional — it's the backbone of calculus. Every derivative of a trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, or power function that isn't just xn uses it. Master this, and you master differentiation.
The chain rule is one of the most heavily tested formulas in the NCERT Class 12 Continuity and Differentiability chapter, and it underlies nearly every differentiation problem in CBSE boards, JEE Main and JEE Advanced. Whether you're searching 'chain rule differentiation class 12 examples' or 'chain rule important questions for JEE', this f'(g(x))·g'(x) pattern is the formula every subsequent derivative rule in the syllabus builds on.
Concept: Implicit Differentiation — but here we have an explicit function, so we simply apply the chain rule term-by-term.
Step 1: Differentiate sin3x. Write it as (sinx)3. By the chain rule:
dxd(sinx)3=3(sinx)2⋅cosx=3sin2xcosx.
Step 2: Differentiate cos6x. Write it as (cosx)6. By the chain rule:
dxd(cosx)6=6(cosx)5⋅(−sinx)=−6cos5xsinx.
Step 3: Add the two derivatives:
dxdy=3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
Factor if desired: 3sinxcosx(sinx−2cos4x).
The derivative is 3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
We differentiate sin3x+cos6x term-by-term using the chain rule. The derivative is 3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
The key idea here is that each term is a function of a function — a power of a trigonometric function. You cannot just differentiate sin3x as if it were u3 with u=sinx without also multiplying by the derivative of sinx. That’s the chain rule in action.
Let’s break it down.
- Differentiate sin3x Write sin3x=(sinx)3. The outer function is u3, the inner function is u=sinx. By the chain rule:
dxd(sin3x)=3(sinx)2⋅dxd(sinx)=3sin2x⋅cosx.
- Differentiate cos6x Write cos6x=(cosx)6. Outer: v6, inner: v=cosx. Chain rule gives:
dxd(cos6x)=6(cosx)5⋅dxd(cosx)=6cos5x⋅(−sinx)=−6cos5xsinx.
- Add the results The derivative of the sum is the sum of the derivatives:
dxd(sin3x+cos6x)=3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
A common mistake is to forget the minus sign from the derivative of cosx, or to write dxd(cos6x)=6cos5x without multiplying by (−sinx). Always check: the chain rule demands the derivative of the inner function.
If you ever feel unsure, rewrite powers explicitly: (sinx)3 and (cosx)6. Then apply the chain rule step by step — outer derivative times inner derivative. This habit prevents sign errors.
The derivative is 3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
Method: The Chain Rule for a Composite Function
Whenever a function is "wrapped inside" another function — f(g(x)) — differentiate the outer function first (with respect to its own argument), then multiply by the derivative of the inner function.
Steps
Step 1: Identify the outer function and the inner function
Write y=f(u) where u=g(x) is everything "inside" the outermost operation.
Step 2: Differentiate the outer function with respect to u
Use the standard derivative rule for whatever the outer function is (log, power, trig, exponential, ...), keeping u untouched.
Step 3: Differentiate the inner function u with respect to x
Step 4: Multiply the two results
dxdy=dudy⋅dxdu.
If the inner function is itself composite (a function inside a function inside a function), repeat the process — multiply in one more derivative for each layer.
Applying to this problem: for y=sin3x+cos6x, treat each term as a power of a trig function — sin3x=(sinx)3 with outer u3, inner u=sinx; cos6x=(cosx)6 with outer v6, inner v=cosx. This gives dxdy=3sin2xcosx−6cos5xsinx.
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Forgetting the chain-rule factor from the inner trig function on either term.
Why it's wrong: dxd(sinx)3=3(sinx)2⋅cosx needs that extra cosx factor — writing just 3sin2x misses it. Correct approach: rewrite sinnx explicitly as (sinx)n to make the outer/inner structure visible before differentiating.
Mistake 2: Dropping the minus sign from differentiating cosx inside the cos6x term.
Why it's wrong: dxd(cosx)6=6(cosx)5⋅(−sinx) — the inner derivative of cosx is −sinx, and forgetting that minus sign turns a term that should subtract into one that adds. Correct approach: write out the inner derivative dxdcosx=−sinx explicitly before multiplying.
Showing the 12 most recent of 115 on this concept.
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›Reveal solutionSolution
dxdx2+ax+1=2x2+ax+12x+a.
Let u=x2+ax+1, so dxdu=2x+a.
Using dxdu=2u1⋅dxdu:
dxdx2+ax+1=2x2+ax+12x+a.
✓Final answer(b) 2x2+ax+12x+a.
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.dxd(sinx2)=(a) 2xcosx2(b) cosx2(c) x2cosx2(d) xcosx2
›Reveal solutionSolution
dxdsin(x2)=2xcos(x2).
Let u=x2, so dxdu=2x.
By the chain rule,
dxdsinu=cosu⋅dxdu=cos(x2)⋅2x=2xcos(x2).
✓Final answer(a) 2xcosx2.
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›Reveal solutionSolution
dxdcotx=2cotx−csc2x.
Let u=cotx, so dxdu=−csc2x.
Using dxdu=2u1⋅dxdu:
dxdcotx=2cotx1⋅(−csc2x)=2cotx−csc2x.
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dxdcosx=2x−sinx.
Let u=x, so dxdu=2x1.
By the chain rule,
dxdcosu=−sinu⋅dxdu=−sinx⋅2x1=2x−sinx.
✓Final answer(b) 2x−sinx.
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›Reveal solutionSolution
Chain rule on cos(x3) gives −3x2sinx3.
Let the inner function be u=x3, so y=cosu.
dxdy=dudy⋅dxdu=(−sinu)(3x2)=−3x2sinx3.
✓Final answer(A) −3x2sinx3.
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›Reveal solutionSolution
Using the chain rule twice, dxdlog(cosex)=−extanex.
Let y=log(cosex). We differentiate using the chain rule, working from the outside in.
Step 1: Differentiate log(u) where u=cosex:
dxdy=cosex1⋅dxd(cosex)
Step 2: Differentiate cos(v) where v=ex:
dxd(cosex)=−sin(ex)⋅dxd(ex)=−sin(ex)⋅ex
Step 3: Combine:
dxdy=cosex−exsinex=−extanex
✓Final answerThe correct option is (c) −extanex.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If y=cos−1(1+x21−x2), 0<x<1, then dxdy is equal to(a) 1+x21(b) 4+x2(c) 1+x22(d) x+x22
›Reveal solutionSolution
Put x=tanϕ so the expression simplifies to cos−1(cos2ϕ)=2ϕ=2tan−1x, whose derivative is standard.
Let x=tanϕ. Then 1+x21−x2=1+tan2ϕ1−tan2ϕ=cos2ϕ.
So y=cos−1(cos2ϕ)=2ϕ=2tan−1x (valid for 0<x<1, i.e. 0<ϕ<π/4, so 2ϕ is in the principal range).
dxdy=1+x22.
✓Final answerThe correct option is (c) 1+x22.
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›Reveal solutionSolution
Differentiate each term exn using the chain rule: dxdexn=nxn−1exn.
y=ex+ex2+ex3+ex4+ex5
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✓Final answerdxdy=ex+2xex2+3x2ex3+4x3ex4+5x4ex5.
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dxd(cos3x)=−sin(3x)⋅dxd(3x)=−sin(3x)⋅3=−3sin3x.
✓Final answer(b) −3sin3x.
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dxdtan−1(x2)=1+(x2)21⋅dxd(x2)=1+x42x.
✓Final answer(a) 1+x42x.
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dxdesinx=esinx⋅dxd(sinx)=esinxcosx.
✓Final answer(a) esinx⋅cosx.
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dxdlog(secx)=secx1⋅dxd(secx)=secx1⋅secxtanx=tanx.
✓Final answer(a) tanx.
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