Q.β« π
π ππ(π+ππ) π π equals
(A) β 1 2π₯2 β1 + π₯4 + π
(B) 1 2π₯ β1 + π₯4 + π
(C) β 1 4π₯ β1 + π₯4 + π
(D) 1 4π₯2 β1 + π₯4 + π
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π Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution βConcept understanding β U Substitution
U Substitution: The Reverse Chain Rule
The chain rule differentiates composite functions: the derivative of sin(x2) is cos(x2)β 2x β differentiate the outer function, then multiply by the derivative of the inside. Integration asks the reverse: given cos(x2)β 2x, find the original function. That's what u substitution does β it reverses the chain rule.
The Core Intuition
When an integral looks like "a function times the derivative of its inside," substitute the inside with u and the derivative of the inside with du. Consider:
β«2xcos(x2)dx
Here 2x is the derivative of x2, and x2 is the inside of cos(x2). Let u=x2, so du=2xdx:
β«cos(u)du=sin(u)+C=sin(x2)+C
Check: the derivative of sin(x2) is cos(x2)β 2x.
The Precise Statement
β«f(g(x))β gβ²(x)dx=β«f(u)duwhereΒ u=g(x),du=gβ²(x)dx
Valid provided g is differentiable and the resulting integral in u is simpler.
The Step-by-Step Method
- Identify a function g(x) whose derivative gβ²(x) also appears (possibly up to a constant factor).
- Set u=g(x), compute du=gβ²(x)dx.
- Rewrite the entire integral in u and du β every x and dx must be replaced.
- Integrate with respect to u.
- Substitute back u=g(x).
You cannot mix variables. If any x remains after substitution, you chose the wrong u (or must solve for x in terms of u β rare).
A Second Example (with a constant factor)
Evaluate β«xx2+1βdx. Let u=x2+1, so xdx=21βdu:
β«uββ 21βdu=21ββ 32βu3/2+C=31β(x2+1)3/2+C
When Does It Work?
When the integrand is something times the derivative of something inside. Common patterns:
- xβ f(x2) β derivative of x2 is 2x, so u=x2
- eg(x)β gβ²(x) β derivative of g(x) appears
- g(x)gβ²(x)β β leads to logβ£g(x)β£ β¦
Key idea: factor x4 out of the root, then the leftover is a perfect differential.
Since 1+x4β=x21+xβ4β, the integrand becomes
x31+x4β1β=x3β x21+xβ4β1β=1+xβ4βxβ5β.
Let u=1+xβ4, so du=β4xβ5dx, i.e. xβ5dx=β41βdu:
β«1+xβ4βxβ5dxβ=β41ββ«uβ1/2du=β41ββ 2uβ=β21βuβ. β¦
Pull x4 out of the square root and substitute u=1+xβ4; the integral equals β2x21+x4ββ+c, which is option (A).
We want
β«x31+x4βdxβ.
Why factor x4 out? The derivative of x4 is 4x3, so a bare u=x4 substitution wants an x3 in the numerator β but here x3 sits in the denominator. Pulling x4 out of the root converts the problem into one where the exact needed differential does appear.
1. Rewrite the integrand
1+x4β=x4(1+x41β)β=x21+xβ4β(x>0).
So
x31+x4β1β=x3β x21+xβ4β1β=1+xβ4βxβ5β.
2. Substitute
Let u=1+xβ4. Then du=β4xβ5dx, so xβ5dx=β41βdu. Notice the integrand contains exactly xβ5dx times uβ1β:
β«1+xβ4βxβ5dxβ=β«uββ41βduβ=β41ββ«uβ1/2du. β¦
Method: Substitution when a high power of x blocks the obvious u
Use this for integrands like xm1+xnβ1β where a direct substitution u=1+xn fails because the needed xnβ1 sits in the denominator, not the numerator.
Steps
Step 1: Factor the highest power of x out of the root.
1+xnβ=xn(1+xβn)β=xn/21+xβnβ(x>0).
This deliberately introduces a negative power of x, which is the differential you actually need.
Step 2: Collect all powers of x into one factor.
Rewrite the whole integrand so it reads (power of x) Γ1+xβnβ1β. The power of x should now match the derivative of xβn.
Step 3: Substitute u=1+xβn. β¦
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Trying u=1+x4 directly.
Why it's wrong: then du=4x3dx needs an x3 in the numerator, but here x3 is in the denominator β the substitution leaves stray x's. Correct approach: factor x4 out of the root first to manufacture the xβ5dx that u=1+xβ4 needs.
Mistake 2: Mishandling x4β=x2 signs.
Why it's wrong: x4β=x2 is fine, but pulling out x-powers carelessly (e.g. x4β=x) corrupts the algebra. Correct approach: track exponents precisely β x4β=x2, and 1+xβ4β=1+x4β/x2. β¦
Showing the 12 most recent of 44 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set 65/1/11 markMCQQ.If β«b2+c2x23axβdx=Alogβ£b2+c2x2β£+K, then the value of A is: (A) 3a (B) 2b23aβ (C) b2c23aβ (D) 2c23aβ
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The integral fits the pattern β«uduβ=logβ£uβ£+C after a substitution. The constant A turns out to be 2c23aβ, which corresponds to option (D).
The problem gives you the result of an integral and asks you to identify the constant A that makes the equation true. This is a classic "match the form" question β you don't need to guess; you just need to perform the integration carefully and compare.
The key insight is that the integrand b2+c2x23axβ is a rational function where the numerator is almost the derivative of the denominator. The derivative of b2+c2x2 is 2c2x. Our numerator is 3ax, which is a constant multiple of x. So a simple substitution u=b2+c2x2 will turn the integral into β«uduβ.
Let's work through it step by step.
-
Set up the substitution.
Let u=b2+c2x2. Then du=2c2xdx, so xdx=2c2duβ.
-
Rewrite the integral in terms of u.
The integral is β«b2+c2x23axβdx=β«u3aββ (xdx).
Substitute xdx=2c2duβ:
β«u3aββ 2c2duβ=2c23aββ«uduβ.
- Integrate. β«uduβ=logβ£uβ£+C, so
2c23aβlogβ£uβ£+C=2c23aβlogβ£b2+c2x2β£+K,
where K is the constant of integration (we renamed C to K to match the problem).
- Compare with the given form. β¦
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- CBSE 2020Set 65/1/11 markQ.Evaluate: β«x4logxdx(OR)Evaluate: β«3x2+1β2xβdx
βΊReveal solutionSolution
- β«x4logxdx=5x5βlogxβ25x5β+C.
- β«3x2+1β2xβdx=23β(x2+1)2/3+C.
Part (a)
Use integration by parts, β«udv=uvββ«vdu, choosing u=logx (differentiates simply) and dv=x4dx, so du=x1βdx and v=5x5β:
β«x4logxdx=5x5βlogxββ«5x5ββ x1βdx=5x5βlogxβ51ββ«x4dx. β¦
- CBSE 2020Set 65/1/11 markQ.Find : β«9β4x2βdxβ
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The integral β«9β4x2βdxβ is a standard inverse sine form. By rewriting the denominator as 4(49ββx2)β and using substitution u=2x, we get the result 21βsinβ1(32xβ)+C.
When you see a square root with a constant minus a square term, your mind should immediately jump to the inverse trigonometric integrals. The classic formula is:
β«a2βu2βduβ=sinβ1(auβ)+C
Our job is to force the given integral into this exact shape. The denominator is 9β4x2β. Notice that 9=32, so we have a=3 in the formula. But the 4x2 term is not a pure u2 β it has a coefficient 4. Thatβs the only obstacle.
The key insight: Factor out the 4 from inside the square root. Write:
9β4x2β=4(49ββx2)β=249ββx2β
Now the integral becomes:
β«249ββx2βdxβ=21ββ«(23β)2βx2βdxβ
This is exactly the inverse sine form with a=23β and u=x. So:
21βsinβ1(3/2xβ)+C=21βsinβ1(32xβ)+C
Thatβs the answer. But letβs walk through it step by step with a substitution to make it foolproof.
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Identify the target form. We want β«a2βu2βduβ. Here, the denominator has 9β4x2β. Compare with a2βu2: we need a2=9 and u2=4x2. So set u=2x. Then du=2dx, so dx=2duβ.
-
Substitute. The integral becomes:
β«9β4x2βdxβ=β«9βu2βdu/2β=21ββ«9βu2βduβ β¦
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- CBSE 2026Set CX1 markQ.Find the value of the integral β«x2tan(x3+2)dx.
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Substitute u=x3+2; the integral becomes 31ββ«tanudu=31βlnβ£sec(x3+2)β£+C.
Concept: The factor x2 is (up to a constant) the derivative of the inner function x3+2, so substitution works.
Let u=x3+2βdu=3x2dxβx2dx=3duβ.
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.β«1βx2βtan(sinβ1x)βdx=(a) logβ£sec(sinβ1x)β£+k(b) logβ£cos(sinβ1x)β£+k(c) tan(sinβ1x)+k(d) logβ£sinβ1xβ£+k
βΊReveal solutionSolution
With u=sinβ1x (so du=1βx2βdxβ) the integral is β«tanudu=logβ£secuβ£+k.
Let u=sinβ1x. Then du=1βx2βdxβ, so
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.β«ex+eβxdxβ=(a) cotβ1(ex)+k(b) tanβ1(ex)+k(c) logβ£ex+1β£+k(d) sinβ1(ex)+k
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Substitute t=ex: β«ex+eβxdxβ=β«1+t2dtβ=tanβ1(ex)+k.
Multiply numerator and denominator by ex:
ex+eβx1β=e2x+1exβ.
Let t=ex, dt=exdx. Then
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.β«sin(2x+3)dx=(a) cos(2x+3)+C(b) β2cos(2x+3)β+C(c) tan2x+C(d) None of these
βΊReveal solutionSolution
β«sin(ax+b)dx=βacos(ax+b)β+C.
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.β«1eβx(logx)2βdx=(a) 31βe3(b) 31β(e3β1)(c) 31β(d) None of these
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Substitute u=logx, du=dx/x, converting the limits from x=1,e to u=0,1.
Let u=logxβdu=xdxβ. When x=1,u=0; when x=e,u=1.
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.β«x(1+logx)1βdx is equal to:(a) x+logx+c(b) β£x+logxβ£+c(c) logβ£1+logxβ£+c(d) log(1+x)+c
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Substitute u=1+logx so du=xdxβ, turning the integral into β«uduβ.
I=β«x(1+logx)1βdx
Let u=1+logxβdu=x1βdx.
β¦
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.β«cos8xsin6xβdx is equal to:
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Rewrite the integrand as tan6xsec2x and substitute t=tanx.
I=β«cos8xsin6xβdx=β«cos6xsin6xββ cos2x1βdx=β«tan6xsec2xdx
Let t=tanxβdt=sec2xdx. β¦
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.\int x^2 e^{x^3} dx equals:(a)(i) \frac{e^{x^3}}{3} + c(b)(ii) 3e^{x^3} + c(c)(iii) \frac{e^{x^2}}{3} + c(d)(iv) \frac{1}{2}e^{x^2} + c
βΊReveal solutionSolution
β«x2ex3dx=3ex3β+c β option (i).
Concept. Substitution (u-substitution): choose u whose derivative already appears (up to a constant) in the integrand.
Steps.
- Let u=x3, then du=3x2dx, i.e. x2dx=31βdu. β¦
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.β«1+sin2xcosxβdx=(a) βtanβ1(sinx)+c(b) tanβ1(cosx)+c(c) tanβ1(sinx)+c(d) βtanβ1(cosx)+c
βΊReveal solutionSolution
A direct substitution u = sin x reduces this to the standard β«du/(1+uΒ²) form.
Let u=sinx, so du=cosxdx.
β¦
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