Concept understanding — Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
The Big Picture: Why Plants Need Two Kinds of Light Reactions
Photosynthesis has two jobs: make ATP (the energy currency) and make NADPH (the reducing power). Calvin cycle needs both — 3 ATP and 2 NADPH for every molecule of G3P it builds. But here's the problem: the light reactions don't always produce ATP and NADPH in that exact ratio. Sometimes the cell needs extra ATP without extra NADPH. That's where the two pathways come in.
Think of it like a factory. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is the main assembly line — it produces both ATP and NADPH, plus oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation is a backup loop — it only makes ATP, no NADPH, no oxygen. The plant switches between them depending on what the Calvin cycle needs at that moment.
Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation: The Main Line
This is the standard Z-scheme you see in every textbook. It involves both photosystems — PS II and PS I — working in series.
Step by step:
Light hits PS II (P680). An electron gets excited and is passed to a primary acceptor.
That electron is replaced by splitting water: 2H2O→4H++4e−+O2. This is the only source of oxygen in photosynthesis.
The excited electron travels down an electron transport chain (ETC) from PS II to PS I. As it moves through the cytochrome b6f complex, it pumps protons (H+) into the thylakoid lumen, building a gradient.
That proton gradient drives ATP synthase — photophosphorylation happens here. ATP is made.
The electron, now lower in energy, reaches PS I (P700). Light hits PS I, re-exciting the electron to a much higher energy level.
This high-energy electron is passed to ferredoxin (Fd) and then to NADP+ reductase, which reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
2H2O+2NADP++3ADP+3PilightO2+2NADPH+3ATP
The key point: electrons flow from water to NADP+ in a one-way path. They never return to where they started. That's why it's called non-cyclic.
Important
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. It requires both PS II and PS I.
Cyclic Photophosphorylation: The Shortcut
Sometimes the Calvin cycle has enough NADPH but needs more ATP. The plant can't just make ATP without making NADPH — unless it uses a different route.
In cyclic photophosphorylation, only PS I is involved. PS II and water splitting are completely bypassed.
How it works:
Light excites PS I (P700). An electron is ejected and picked up by ferredoxin.
Instead of going to NADP+, the electron is shunted back to the cytochrome b6f complex (via plastoquinone).
It travels down the ETC again, pumping protons — generating ATP.
The electron eventually returns to PS I, filling the hole it left.
The electron goes in a circle: PS I → ferredoxin → plastoquinone → cytochrome b6f → plastocyanin → PS I. No water is split, no oxygen is released, no NADPH is made.
ADP+PilightATP(only ATP, no NADPH, no O2)
Watch out
A common mistake: thinking cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH. It does not. The electron never reaches NADP+ reductase — it loops back to PS I.
Cyclic photophosphorylation uses only Photosystem I to generate ATP alone (no NADPH, no O2 release), while non-cyclic photophosphorylation uses both photosystems to make ATP, NADPH and O2; separately, glycolysis is a cytoplasmic, oxygen-independent pathway converting glucose to pyruvate, while the Krebs cycle is a mitochondrial, oxygen-dependent pathway that fully oxidizes acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating far more reducing equivalents. …
(a) Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only PS I and yields ATP alone; non-cyclic involves both photosystems and yields ATP, NADPH and O2. (b) Glycolysis (cytoplasm, anaerobic, glucose to pyruvate) differs from the Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix, aerobic, oxidises acetyl-CoA fully to CO2).
(a) Cyclic vs Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation:
Feature
Cyclic
Non-cyclic
Photosystems involved
Only PS I
Both PS I and PS II
Electron path
Electrons from PS I return back to PS I (cyclic flow)
Electrons flow linearly from water (via PS II) to NADP+ (via PS I)
Products
Only ATP
ATP, NADPH, and O2
Water splitting (photolysis)
Does not occur
Occurs (at PS II), releasing O2
Occurs when
Under certain conditions (e.g., when NADP+ is limiting), mainly in stroma lamellae
The predominant pathway in most plant chloroplasts, in grana
Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.
CBSE 2021Set ANNUAL1 mark
Q.What is photo-phosphorylation?
›Reveal solutionSolution
ATP is generated in the thylakoid membrane during the light reaction, using energy from the electron transport chain set up by light absorption.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis, light energy absorbed by the photosystems drives electron flow through an electron transport chain embedded in the thylakoid membrane. This electron flow pumps protons (H+) into the thylakoid lumen, building up a proton gradient across the membrane. As these protons flow back out through the enzyme ATP synthase, the energy released is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate — this process is called photophosphorylation. It occurs in two …