Write short notes on any two of the following: (a) Tidal volume (b) Aerobic respiration (c) Inspiration.

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> [!TLDR]
> Short notes on all three, since the question lets the student choose any two and the actual choice isn't known: tidal volume is the normal-breath air volume (~500 mL); aerobic respiration is the O2-dependent, high-ATP-yield breakdown of glucose; inspiration is the active, muscle-driven phase of breathing that pulls air into the lungs.
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> **(a) Tidal volume:** The volume of air inspired or expired in one normal, quiet (unforced) breath. In an average healthy adult this is approximately 500 mL. It is one of the standard 'respiratory volumes' measured by spirometry (along with inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume), and forms the baseline against which deeper or shallower breathing is compared.
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> **(b) Aerobic respiration:** The catabolic breakdown of respiratory substrates (typically glucose) using molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor, releasing a large amount of usable energy as ATP. It proceeds in three linked stages: (i) glycolysis in the cytoplasm — glucose (6C) split to 2 pyruvate (3C), net 2 ATP + 2 NADH; (ii) the Krebs (citric acid) cycle in the mitochondrial matrix — each pyruvate, via acetyl-CoA, is fully oxidised to CO2, generating NADH, FADH2 and a little ATP/GTP directly; (iii) the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) on the inner mitochondrial membrane, where the NADH/FADH2 electrons are passed down the chain to O2 (forming H2O), driving synthesis of the bulk of the ATP (chemiosmosis). The idealised textbook total is about 36–38 ATP per glucose molecule — far more energy-efficient than anaerobic respiration.
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