Q.‘Slash and burn’ is related to what?

Land Degradation Factors — A First Look

Think about a piece of land that has been farmed year after year, with no rest, no manure, no care. Over time, the soil turns hard, crops grow smaller, and eventually nothing grows at all. That land has degraded — its ability to support life has fallen.

In Economics, land degradation means the decline in the quality of land as a productive resource. It is not just about soil turning barren; it includes any process that reduces the land's capacity to produce goods and services — whether for agriculture, forestry, or grazing.

Why does this matter in Economics?

Land is a fixed factor of production. You cannot make more of it. If the existing land loses its fertility or usability, the economy's productive capacity shrinks. For a country like India, where a large share of the population depends on agriculture, land degradation directly threatens livelihoods, food security, and national income.

The major factors that cause land degradation

These factors are human-induced (anthropogenic) more often than natural. Here is how they work:

1. Deforestation

Trees hold soil together with their roots. When forests are cleared for farming, timber, or urban expansion, the topsoil is exposed to wind and rain. The fertile layer washes or blows away — a process called soil erosion. Without the forest cover, the land becomes less productive within a few seasons.

2. Overgrazing

When too many cattle, sheep, or goats graze on a piece of grassland, they eat the vegetation down to the roots. The soil is left bare, compacts under the animals' hooves, and erodes easily. In arid and semi-arid regions of India (Rajasthan, Gujarat), overgrazing has turned large areas into desert-like land.

3. Over-irrigation (Waterlogging and Salinity)

In irrigated areas, farmers often apply more water than the soil can absorb. The water table rises, and the roots of crops sit in water — this is waterlogging. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind salts dissolved in it. Over time, the soil becomes saline — too salty for most crops to grow. This is a serious problem in the canal-irrigated belts of Punjab and Haryana.

4. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Chemical fertilizers give a quick yield boost, but they kill the microorganisms that keep soil healthy. The soil loses its organic matter, becomes acidic or alkaline, and eventually turns into a lifeless medium that needs ever more chemicals to produce anything. This is chemical degradation.

5. Industrial and urban waste

Factories and cities dump untreated effluents, heavy metals, and solid waste onto land. The soil gets contaminated with toxins that make it unfit for farming or even for safe habitation. This is pollution-induced degradation.

6. Shifting cultivation (Jhum)

In some hilly regions of Northeast India, farmers clear a patch of forest, burn the vegetation, and farm it for a year or two. Then they move to a new patch, leaving the old one to recover. But when the cycle becomes too short — because population pressure forces them back sooner — the land never recovers. The soil loses its nutrients permanently.

A simple way to see the pattern

How do we know land is degraded? (Indicators)

You do not need a lab test. These signs are visible:

• Declining crop yields — the same plot produces less year after year
• Gullies and rills — deep channels cut into the soil by running water
• White crust on soil surface — a sign of salinity
• Hard, cracked soil — loss of organic matter and soil structure …