Q.Patents are given for ______.
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🔒 Start your 14-day free trial to unlock the full solution →Concept understanding — Genetic Engineering Ethics
Genetic Engineering Ethics: A First Look
Think of genetic engineering as the ability to rewrite the instruction manual of a living organism. You know how a recipe determines what a cake tastes like? Genes are the recipe for a living thing — what it looks like, how it grows, what diseases it might get. Genetic engineering lets scientists cut, copy, and paste parts of that recipe.
Now, just because you can change a recipe doesn't mean you always should. That's where ethics comes in. Ethics is the study of what is right and wrong, fair and unfair, safe and risky. So genetic engineering ethics asks: When is it okay to rewrite the recipe of life, and when should we stop?
The Core Tension: Power vs. Responsibility
The power to edit genes is enormous. You could potentially:
- Remove genes that cause fatal diseases like cystic fibrosis or Huntington's disease.
- Make crops that resist drought and feed millions.
- Create "designer babies" with chosen eye colour, height, or intelligence.
But with that power come deep questions. Who decides which changes are acceptable? What if a change harms the person in ways we can't predict? What if only the rich can afford these improvements, creating a genetic divide between haves and have-nots?
The central ethical question is this: Should we alter the human germline? The germline means sperm, eggs, and embryos — changes here get passed down to future generations forever. A mistake doesn't just affect one person; it affects their children, grandchildren, and beyond. Most countries, including India, have strict laws against germline editing in humans.
Key Ethical Concerns (What the NCERT Textbook Emphasises)
The NCERT textbook for Class 12 Biology (Chapter 12, Biotechnology and its Applications) introduces these ethical dimensions. Here are the main points, explained simply:
1. Safety and Unintended Consequences
Genes don't work in isolation. Changing one gene can have ripple effects. For example, inserting a gene for pest resistance into a crop might also make it toxic to helpful insects like bees. We cannot fully predict the long-term effects on ecosystems or human health.
2. Informed Consent
If you're going to modify someone's genes (say, in gene therapy for a disease), that person must fully understand what is being done and agree to it. But what about an embryo? An embryo cannot consent. Who decides for it? Parents? Doctors? The government?
3. Equity and Access
Genetic technologies are expensive. If only wealthy families can afford to eliminate genetic diseases or enhance their children, we create a world where the rich get healthier, smarter, and stronger, while the poor are left behind. This violates the principle of justice.
4. Playing God
Many people feel that altering the fundamental blueprint of life crosses a moral line. Religious and cultural traditions often hold that life is sacred and should not be tampered with at its core. This is not a scientific argument, but it is a deeply held ethical position that societies must respect.
5. Genetic Discrimination
If your genes are sequenced, who has access to that information? Could employers refuse to hire you because you have a gene for a future disease? Could insurance companies deny you coverage? This is a serious privacy concern.
The NCERT textbook specifically mentions the Eugenics movement as a historical warning. In the early 20th century, some people tried to "improve" the human race by forced sterilisation and selective breeding. It led to horrific human rights abuses. Genetic engineering, if misused, could revive similar ideas in a more sophisticated and dangerous form.
A Simple Framework to Think With …
A patent is an exclusive legal right granted for a new, useful and non-obvious creation. It is awarded for inventions, not for pre-existing natural things merely found. …
Patents are granted for inventions, giving the inventor exclusive rights for a fixed period.
A patent is an intellectual-property right granted by a government to an inventor, giving exclusive rights to make, use and sell a new product or process for a limited time. To be patentable, the subject must be an invention - novel, involving an inventive step, and industrially useful. A mere discovery of something already existing in nature is not patentable …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.What is the full form of GEAC?(a) Genome Engineering Action Committee(b) Ground Environment Action Committee(c) Genetic and Environment Approval Committee(d) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
›Reveal solutionSolution
GEAC is India's official regulatory body responsible for evaluating and approving the safety of genetically modified organisms before their release.
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee), functioning under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is the statutory regulatory body responsible for the appraisal of activities involving the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products, including approval for large-scale field trials and commercial release/environmenta …
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.Which organisation of Indian Government make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM organisms for public services?
›Reveal solutionSolution
The GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval/Appraisal Committee) takes such decisions in India.
Concept: Because genetic modification can raise biosafety, ethical and biopiracy concerns, governments regulate genetic engineering through statutory bodies. …
- CBSE 2024Set 57/1/11 markMCQQ.Assertion (A): Indian Government has set up an organisation known as GEAC to decide the validity of GM research. Reason (R): Genetic modification of organisms has no effect when such organisms are introduced in the ecosystem. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
›Reveal solutionSolution
The GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) is indeed the Indian body that evaluates GM research, so Assertion (A) is true. However, the Reason (R) is false — genetic modification can have significant ecological effects when GM organisms are released into the environment. Therefore, the correct choice is (C).
The core of this question lies in understanding two separate facts: the role of a specific Indian regulatory body, and the ecological reality of genetically modified organisms. Let's break them apart.
Why the Reason is wrong — this is the conceptual key. The statement "Genetic modification of organisms has no effect when such organisms are introduced in the ecosystem" is fundamentally incorrect. Introducing a GM organism is like adding a new player to a finely balanced game. A crop engineered to resist pests, for example, might kill beneficial insects, or its modified genes could "escape" into wild relatives through cross-pollination, creating herbicide-resistant weeds. The entire field of biosafety risk assessment exists precisely because GM organisms can and do affect ecosystems. So Reason (R) is false.
Why the Assertion is correct — the Indian government, recognizing these very risks, established the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Its job is to assess the environmental safety of GM research and products before they are approved for release. So Assertion (A) is true.
Now, since the Assertion is true and the Reason is false, the correct option is the one that matches that combination.
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Evaluate Assertion (A): The GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) is the apex regulatory body in India for activities involving genetically engineered organisms and products. It operates under the "Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989" (Environment Protection Act). Its purpose is to evaluate the safety of GM research, field trials, and commercial release. Therefore, Assertion (A) is true.
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Evaluate Reason (R): The statement claims that introducing GM organisms into an ecosystem has "no effect." This is biologically incorrect. GM organisms can have several ecological impacts:
- Gene flow: Transgenes can transfer to wild relatives, creating new traits in natural populations.
- Non-target effects: A pest-resistant GM crop might harm beneficial insects like pollinators or natural predators. …
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- CBSE 2024Set E1 markMCQQ.Which of the following organizations makes decision regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM organisms?(a) Department of Science and Technology(b) Department of Biotechnology(c) GEAC(d) Indian Patent Office
›Reveal solutionSolution
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) is the Indian body that judges the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM organisms.
Because genetic modification can have unpredictable effects, the Indian Government set up the GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee). It examines the scientific validity of GM research proposals and decides whether it is safe to introduce genetically modified organisms for public services and into the environment. The Depa …
- CBSE 2023Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.GEAC stands for(a) Gene Engineering Approval Committee(b) Genetic Engineering Approval Commission(c) Gene Engineering Assay Committee(d) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
›Reveal solutionSolution
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) is India's regulatory authority for approving GM research and products.
GEAC stands for the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, a statutory body constituted under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (under the Environment Protection Act, 1986). It is the apex regulatory body responsible for reviewing and approving proposals related to the release of genetically modified (GM) organisms and products into the environment, including large-scale field trials and the enviro …
- CBSE 2022Set ZOOLOGY1 markMCQQ.Patents are given for ______.(i) discoveries(ii) inventions(iii) biopiracy(iv) gene therapy
›Reveal solutionSolution
Patents are granted for inventions, giving the inventor exclusive rights for a fixed period.
A patent is an intellectual-property right granted by a government to an inventor, giving exclusive rights to make, use and sell a new product or process for a limited time. To be patentable, the subject must be an invention - novel, involving an inventive step, and industrially useful. A mere discovery of something already existing in nature is not patentable …
- CBSE 2018Set ANNUAL1 markQ.What is Biopiracy?
›Reveal solutionSolution
Biopiracy = the unauthorised commercial use of a nation's or community's bio-resources and traditional knowledge, without permission or fair benefit-sharing.
Concept
Developing countries such as India are rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge about the uses of plants, animals and microbes. Biopiracy occurs when companies or research groups patent and profit from these resources without the consent of, or compensation to, the country or community that has conserved and used them for generations.
Examples …
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