Q.Define specific conductivity and molar conductivity. Write the relation between them. What is the effect of dilution on the specific conductivity and the molar conductivity? [2+1+2=5] OR
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From Resistance to Conductance: Flipping the Idea
You already know resistance (R) — it tells you how much a material opposes the flow of current. A high resistance means the wire fights the current; a low resistance means it lets current through easily.
Now flip that thought. Instead of asking "how much does it resist?", ask "how easily does it let current flow?" That's exactly what conductance measures.
Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance:
G=R1
Unit: siemens (S) — named after Werner von Siemens. 1 S = 1 A/V (ampere per volt).
If a wire has R=10 Ω, its conductance is G=0.1 S. If R=0.5 Ω, G=2 S — it conducts twice as well.
Ohm's Law in Conductance Form
You know V=IR. Rearranging:
I=RV=GV
So current = conductance × voltage. A high-conductance material draws a large current for the same voltage — it's a "good conductor."
Now, Conductivity: The Material's Intrinsic Property
Resistance depends on two things: the material itself (its "resistivity" ρ) and the geometry (length L, cross-sectional area A):
R=ρAL
Conductance also depends on geometry. A thicker wire (larger A) or a shorter wire (smaller L) has higher conductance. To isolate the material's inherent ability to conduct, we define conductivity (σ):
σ=ρ1
And for a uniform wire:
G=σLA
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. It tells you how well the material itself conducts, independent of shape and size.
- Unit: siemens per metre (S/m).
- High σ → good conductor (copper: ≈5.8×107 S/m).
- Low σ → poor conductor / insulator (glass: ≈10−12 S/m).
Don't confuse conductance (property of a specific object, depends on geometry) with conductivity (property of the material, independent of geometry). A short thick copper wire has high conductance; a long thin copper wire has lower conductance — but both have the same conductivity.
The Big Picture in One Table
| Quantity | Symbol | Definition | Depends on | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance | R | V/I | Material + geometry | Ω |
| Resistivity | ρ | RA/L | Material only | Ω⋅m |
| Conductance | G | 1/R | Material + geometry | S |
| Conductivity | σ | 1/ρ | Material only | S/m |
Intuitive Analogy
Think of a water pipe:
- Resistance = how hard it is to push water through (narrow, long pipe).
- Conductance = how easily water flows (wide, short pipe). …
Why this formula?
Conductance and Conductivity: Why the Formulas Hold
Let's build this from first principles — understanding the why before the what.
1. The Core Idea: How Easily Does Current Flow?
Think of a conductor (like a copper wire). When you apply a voltage across it, electrons drift through the material. Two questions arise:
- How much current flows for a given voltage? → This is conductance (G).
- How well does the material itself allow current? → This is conductivity (σ).
The key distinction: Conductance depends on the size and shape of the object. Conductivity is an intrinsic property of the material.
2. Ohm's Law in Terms of Conductance
You know Ohm's law:
V=IR
But we can rewrite it as:
I=RV
Define conductance G as the reciprocal of resistance:
G=R1
So:
I=GV
Why this makes sense:
- A larger G means more current for the same voltage — the conductor "conducts" better.
- G has units of siemens (S) = A/V.
3. From Resistance to Conductivity: The Geometry Factor
Resistance of a uniform conductor depends on:
- Length L (longer → more resistance)
- Cross-sectional area A (thicker → less resistance)
- Material property ρ (resistivity)
The formula:
R=ρAL
Now, conductivity σ is the reciprocal of resistivity:
σ=ρ1
So:
R=σ1⋅AL
Why this form?
- If you double the length, electrons have to travel twice as far, colliding more → resistance doubles.
- If you double the area, there's twice as many "lanes" for electrons → resistance halves.
4. The Key Formula: Conductance in Terms of Conductivity
Since G=1/R, we get:
G=σLA
This is the central relationship. Let's see why it holds:
- σ tells you how well the material conducts (intrinsic).
- A/L tells you how the geometry amplifies or reduces that.
Intuition:
- A fat, short wire (A large, L small) has high conductance.
- A thin, long wire (A small, L large) has low conductance.
- A material with high σ (like copper) gives higher G than one with low σ (like iron), for the same shape.
5. Microscopic Derivation (Why σ Exists)
At the microscopic level, conductivity arises from electron motion:
σ=neμ
Where:
- n = number of free electrons per unit volume
- e = electron charge …
Specific conductivity measures conductance per unit volume of solution while molar conductivity measures the conductance contributed by one mole of dissolved electrolyte, and dilution affects these two quantities in opposite ways because it changes the number of ions per unit volume differently from the total ionisation. …
Specific conductivity falls but molar conductivity rises with dilution. OR: the Nernst equation gives E at non-standard concentration; the Daniell cell is the classic example of an electrochemical cell.
Specific and molar conductivity:
Specific conductivity (κ), also called conductivity, is the conductance of a 1 cm cube (unit volume, unit area, unit length) of the electrolytic solution held between two electrodes 1 cm apart; unit: Ω−1cm−1 (or S cm^-1).
Molar conductivity (Λm) is the conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving 1 mole of an electrolyte in a given volume of solution, placed between electrodes 1 cm apart; unit: Ω−1cm2mol−1.
Relation: Λm=C1000κ where C is the molar concentration (mol/L).
Effect of dilution: On dilution, the NUMBER of ions per unit volume decreases, so specific conductivity (κ) DECREASES. However, molar conductivity (Λm) INCREASES on dilution — for weak electrolytes because the degree of dissociation increases sharply with dilution (more ions are produced per mole), and for strong electrolytes because inter-ionic attractions weaken, allowing ions to move more freely, both approaching a limiting value Λm∘ at infinite dilution.
OR — Nernst equation and electrochemical cell:
(a) For the electrode reaction Mn+(aq)+ne−→M(s), the Nernst equation at 25°C is: …
Showing the 12 most recent of 27 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.On increasing dilution, the specific conductance of an electrolyte(a) increases(b) decreases(c) remains constant(d) none of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
Specific conductance (conductance per unit volume) falls on dilution because the number of current-carrying ions per unit volume decreases.
Specific conductance (κ) is the conductance of a solution held between electrodes 1 cm apart with 1 cm² area, i.e. conductance of unit volume. On dilution the number of ions per unit volume decreases, …
- CBSE 2026Set A1 markMCQQ.The number of ions in aqueous solution of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 is(a) 3(b) 4(c) 2(d) 6
›Reveal solutionSolution
Only the ions outside the coordination sphere are free; [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 gives one complex cation plus two chloride ions = 3 ions.
In a coordination compound, only the counter ions outside the square brackets dissociate in water; the ligands inside the coordination sphere stay bound to the metal. Here one Cl and five NH3 are coordinated to cobalt, and two Cl are counter ions:
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 -> [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ + 2 Cl-
…
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The unit of cell constant is:(a) Ohm^-1 cm^2(b) cm^-1(c) Ohm^-1 cm^-1(d) Ohm^-1 cm^2/ g eq
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cell constant G∗=l/A has the unit of reciprocal length, i.e. cm^-1.
The cell constant of a conductivity cell is defined as the ratio of the distance between the two electrodes (l) to the area of cross-section of the electrodes (A): G∗=Al. Since l has units of cm and A has units of cm^2, the cell constant has units of cm2cm=cm−1.
…
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The unit of specific conductivity is:(a) ohm⁻¹(b) ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹(c) ohm cm(d) ohm cm⁻¹
›Reveal solutionSolution
Specific conductance (κ) is measured in ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (S cm⁻¹).
Specific conductivity (κ), also called conductivity, is the conductance of a 1 cm cube of a solution of an electrolyte. Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance and is measured in ohm⁻¹ (siemens, S). Since κ=G×(l/A), where l/A (t …
- CBSE 2025Set 56/5/11 markMCQQ.Two statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. Assertion (A) : For measuring resistance of an ionic solution an AC source is used. Reason (R) : Concentration of ionic solution will change if DC source is used.
›Reveal solutionSolution
AC is used to measure ionic solution resistance because DC causes electrolysis, which changes the solution's composition and hence its conductance; both statements are true and the reason correctly explains the assertion.
When we measure the resistance (or conductance) of an ionic solution, we're essentially probing how easily ions can carry current through the liquid. The choice between AC and DC isn't arbitrary—it stems from what happens at the electrode-solution interface.
Why DC causes problems
In an ionic solution, current flows via the movement of ions: cations migrate toward the cathode, anions toward the anode. With a DC source, these ions don't just move—they undergo redox reactions at the electrodes. For instance, in a NaCl solution, Cl− ions get oxidized at the anode (2Cl−→Cl2+2e−) and H+ from water gets reduced at the cathode (2H++2e−→H2). This is electrolysis.
The consequence? The concentration of ions in the solution changes continuously. As ions are consumed or new species are produced, the conductance of the solution drifts. You're no longer measuring the property of the original solution—you're measuring a changing system. The reading becomes unreliable and time-dependent.
Why AC solves this
An alternating current reverses direction many times per second (typically at 1000 Hz or so in conductivity bridges). In one half-cycle, a tiny bit of electrolysis might begin, but in the next half-cycle the current reverses and the reaction is essentially undone. The net chemical change over many cycles is negligible. The solution composition remains stable, and the resistance measurement reflects the true, steady-state property of the ionic solution. …
- CBSE 2025Set D1 markMCQQ.The unit of specific conductance is(a) ohm cm^-1(b) ohm cm^-2(c) ohm^-1 cm^-1(d) ohm^-1 cm^-2
›Reveal solutionSolution
Specific conductance = 1/(specific resistance), so its unit is ohm^-1 cm^-1 (S cm^-1).
Specific conductance (conductivity), kappa, is the reciprocal of specific resistance (resistivity), rho:
kappa = 1/rho
Specific resistance has the unit ohm cm, so its reciprocal has the unit:
…
- CBSE 2025Set A1 markQ.Write the value of conductivity of superconductor.
›Reveal solutionSolution
Since conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity, and a superconductor's resistivity drops to exactly zero, its conductivity becomes infinite.
Certain materials, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature, lose all electrical resistance completely — this state is called superconductivity, and such materials are superconductors. Electrical conductivity (κ) and resistivity (ρ) are reciprocals of each other: κ=1/ρ. Because a superconductor's res …
- CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.SI unit of resistivity (specific resistance) is -(a) Ω(b) Ω^-1(c) Ωm(d) Ωm^-1
›Reveal solutionSolution
Resistivity (specific resistance) has SI unit ohm-metre (Ωm).
Resistance of a conductor is related to its resistivity by:
R = rho x (l/A)
where l is length (m) and A is cross-sectional area (m^2). Rearranging:
rho = R x A / l
Units: rho = (ohm) x (m^2) / (m) = ohm x m = Ωm
…
- CBSE 2024Set D1 markMCQQ.Which of the following has the highest molar electrical conductance in aqueous solution?(a) [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4(b) [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3(c) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2(d) [Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl
›Reveal solutionSolution
Molar conductance rises with the number of ions produced on dissociation. [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 gives 5 ions, the most of the options, so it conducts best.
Count the ions each complex furnishes in water (only the counter-ions outside the coordination sphere ionise):
- [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 -> [Pt(NH3)6]4+ + 4 Cl- => 5 ions
- [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 -> [Pt(NH3)5Cl]3+ + 3 Cl- => 4 ions
- [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 -> [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]2+ + 2 Cl- => 3 ions …
- CBSE 2024Set D1 markMCQQ.The cell constant of a conductivity cell is(a) l/A(b) A/l(c) l.A(d) R/A
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cell constant = l/A (distance between electrodes ÷ electrode area), unit cm^-1.
Conductance G of a solution in a conductivity cell is G = kappa (A/l), where kappa is conductivity, A is the electrode area and l is the distance between the electrodes.
Rearranging, kappa = G (l/A). The geometric factor (l/A) is called the CELL CONSTANT because it depends only on the fixed geometry of the cell.
…
- CBSE 2024Set B1 markMCQQ.The unit of cell constant is(a) ohm cm(b) cm^-1(c) cm(d) ohm^-1 cm^-1
›Reveal solutionSolution
Cell constant G* = l/A (distance between electrodes divided by their area), so its unit works out to cm^-1.
For a conductivity cell, the cell constant is defined as:
G∗=Al
where l is the distance between the two electrodes (in cm) and A is the area of cross-section of the electrodes (in cm^2).
Units: cm / cm^2 = cm^-1.
…
- CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.SI unit of conductivity is -(a) S(b) Ω(c) S cm^-1(d) S m^-1
›Reveal solutionSolution
Conductivity kappa = conductance x (l/A); in SI units this comes out as siemens per metre (S m^-1).
Conductance G has the unit siemens (S), where S = ohm^-1 = A/V.
Conductivity kappa is defined as kappa = G x (l/A), where l is the length between electrodes (in metres) and A is the cross-sectional area (in square metres).
So the unit of kappa = S x (m/m^2) = S m^-1.
Option (a) S is just the unit of conductance, not conductivity. …
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