Q.What is apical dominance?

Auxins — The Plant's Growth Director

Imagine a plant growing toward sunlight. Somewhere inside, there must be a signal that tells the shaded side to stretch longer, bending the stem toward the light. That signal is auxin.

Auxins are the first plant hormones ever discovered, and they are the master regulators of cell elongation. The most common natural auxin is Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA). It is produced primarily in the shoot apical meristem — the growing tip of the stem — and moves downward, controlling how the plant grows and responds to its environment.

What auxins actually do

The core action of auxin is simple: it makes plant cells expand lengthwise. But because it moves directionally (from tip to base, and away from light), it creates patterns of growth that shape the entire plant.

Apical dominance is a classic example. The terminal bud produces auxin, which travels down the stem and suppresses the growth of lateral (side) buds. This keeps the plant growing tall and straight. If you cut off the tip, auxin production stops, and the side buds finally get their chance — the plant becomes bushier. Gardeners and farmers exploit this when they prune.

Rooting works differently. At low concentrations, auxin actually promotes root formation. That is why commercial rooting powders contain synthetic auxins like IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) — dip a cutting in it, and roots form faster.

Prevention of abscission (leaf and fruit drop) is another role. Auxin keeps the abscission layer — a zone of weak cells at the base of the leaf stalk — from forming. As long as enough auxin flows from the leaf into the stem, the leaf stays attached. When auxin levels drop (due to age or stress), the abscission layer develops and the leaf falls.

The mechanism — how auxin makes cells grow

Auxin activates a proton pump in the cell membrane, pumping H⁺ ions into the cell wall. This acidifies the wall, activating enzymes called expansins that loosen the cellulose fibres. The cell wall becomes more flexible, and water enters by osmosis, inflating the cell. This is called the acid growth hypothesis. …