Q.(a) What are the differences between Shares and Debentures? (any 5)

(a) Shares represent ownership with variable dividend and voting rights; debentures represent loans with fixed interest, no voting rights and priority in repayment. (b) Management is the process of achieving goals through others via planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.

(a) Differences between Shares and Debentures (any 5)

1. Meaning — a share is a part of the ownership (capital) of a company, while a debenture is a part of the borrowed capital (a loan) of the company.
2. Return — a shareholder receives dividend, which is not fixed and depends on profit; a debenture holder receives interest at a fixed rate whether or not there is profit.
3. Status of holder — a shareholder is an owner (member) of the company, while a debenture holder is a creditor (lender).
4. Voting rights — shareholders (especially equity) have voting rights and a say in management; debenture holders have no voting rights.
5. Security — debentures are generally secured against the assets of the company; shares are not secured.
6. Repayment on winding up — on winding up, debenture holders are repaid before shareholders.
7. Convertibility/redemption — debentures are usually redeemable after a fixed period, while shares (equity) are normally not redeemable.

OR

(b) Concept of Management (any 5)

Management is the process of getting things done through and with other people to achieve organisational goals effectively and efficiently, by performing the functions of planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Its concept can be understood through its features:

1. Goal-oriented — management exists to achieve certain definite objectives of the organisation.
2. Universal — the principles of management apply to all kinds of organisations, whether business, government or social.
3. Continuous process — management is an ongoing activity; the functions are performed again and again. …