Q.Distinguish between Tariff Barriers and Non-Tariff Barriers, with one example of each.

Protection doesn't always work through taxes — trade can be restricted just as effectively without ever touching the price directly.

Tariff Barriers are taxes or duties imposed on imported (or, less commonly, exported) goods, which raise the price of the foreign good in the domestic market. Example: an import duty, charged as a percentage of the imported good's value, making it more expensive than the domestically produced substitute.

Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) restrict trade WITHOUT using a price-based tax. Example: an import quota — a fixed physical limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported in a given period, regardless of price. Other examples include import licensing requirements and technical/quality standards that imported goods must meet. …

Assuming a quota and a tariff have identical economic effects because both 'restrict imports' — a tariff still allows unlimited imports at a higher price, while a quota caps the phys …