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Exercise 12.2 · Q6

Q.Construct the truth table for the following statements.

(i) ¬p∧¬q\neg p\wedge\neg q
(ii) ¬(p∧¬q)\neg(p\wedge\neg q)
(iii) (p∨q)∨¬q(p\vee q)\vee\neg q
(iv) (¬p→r)∧(p↔q)(\neg p\to r)\wedge(p\leftrightarrow q)
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We build each table by adding one column at a time -- first any negations, then the named sub-expression, finishing with the full formula -- across every combination of truth values.

Step 1. (i) ¬p∧¬q\neg p\wedge\neg q -- 4 rows.

ppqq¬p\neg p¬q\neg q¬p∧¬q\neg p\wedge\neg q
TTFFF
TFFTF
FTTFF
FFTTT

Step 2. (ii) ¬(p∧¬q)\neg(p\wedge\neg q) -- 4 rows.

ppqq¬q\neg qp∧¬qp\wedge\neg q¬(p∧¬q)\neg(p\wedge\neg q)
TTFFT
TFTTF
FTFFT
FFTFT

Step 3. (iii) (p∨q)∨¬q(p\vee q)\vee\neg q -- 4 rows.

ppqq¬q\neg qp∨qp\vee q(p∨q)∨¬q(p\vee q)\vee\neg q
TTFTT
TFTTT
FTFTT
FFTFT

(Every entry is TT -- this formula is in fact a tautology.)

Step 4. (iv) (¬p→r)∧(p↔q)(\neg p\to r)\wedge(p\leftrightarrow q) -- 3 variables, 8 rows. …

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