Q.Differentiate between divergent evolution and convergent evolution with one example for each.

Step 1. Divergent evolution occurs when structures sharing a common origin in an ancestor diversify to serve different functions in descendant species. The vertebrate forelimb is the standard example: the humerus–radius–ulna–carpals–phalanges plan is shared by the human hand, bird wing, bat wing, whale flipper and horse leg, yet each performs a very different function (grasping, flying, swimming, running) — these are homologous structures.

Step 2. Convergent evolution occurs when structures with completely different, unrelated origins independently evolve similar form or function because they face similar selective pressures. The wings of birds (a bony, feathered limb) and insects (a boneless, membranous, vein-supported structure) are the standard example — both fly, but from wholly different structural starting points — these are analogous structures. …

Contrast the origin (shared vs independent) behind each pair of structures, then …

• Swapping the two definitions — thinking convergent evolution means 'shared origin, different function'. …