Q.Write short notes on the following.

Industries cultivate selected microbial strains at large scale in fermentors (bioreactors) — closed vessels with controlled aeration, agitation, temperature and pH — to manufacture antibiotics, alcoholic beverages, organic acids, enzymes and pharmaceutical molecules. Antibiotics such as penicillin (discovered by Alexander Fleming from the mould Penicillium notatum, developed by Chain and Florey), streptomycin (Streptomyces griseus) and tetracycline (Streptomyces aureofaciens) kill or inhibit disease-causing microbes; overuse drives antibiotic resistance and 'superbugs'. Yeasts, chiefly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ferment fruit juices and malted grains into wine, beer, whisky, brandy, rum and industrial ethanol (from feedstocks like molasses, corn or wood waste). Other industrial microbial products include organic acids (Aspergillus niger → citric acid, Acetobacter aceti → acetic acid, Rhizopus oryzae → fumaric acid), enzymes (lipases, pectinase, protease, cellulase, rennet), and bioactive pharmaceuticals such as streptokinase (clot-buster), cyclosporin A (immunosuppressant, from Trichoderma polysporum), statins (from Monascus purpureus) and recombinant human insulin (from engineered *E. …