Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.

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> [!TLDR]
> On salient human-development indicators, China leads India and Pakistan on most counts — income per head, life expectancy, sanitation and HDI — while India and Pakistan trail behind and are closer to each other. China has best converted economic growth into human development.

## Comparing human development

Using the salient human-development indicators — HDI rank, GNI per capita (PPP), life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality, access to improved sanitation, and percentage below the poverty line — the broad picture is as follows.

| Indicator | China | India | Pakistan |
|---|---|---|---|
| HDI rank | Highest of the three | Below China | Below China (close to India) |
| GNI per capita (PPP) | Highest | Higher than Pakistan | Lower |
| Life expectancy at birth | Highest | Below China | Below China |
| Infant mortality rate | Lowest (best) | Higher than China | Higher |
| Maternal mortality rate | Low | Higher than China | Higher than India |
| Access to improved sanitation | Highest | Lower | Between the two |
| People below poverty line | Lowest share | Higher | Higher / comparable |

## Compare and contrast

- **China** ranks highest among the three on the HDI and does best on income per head, life expectancy, infant mortality and sanitation. Its strong growth has been converted into visible gains in human development.
- **India** stands below China. It does better than Pakistan on GNI per capita and some health indicators, but a large share of its population is still poor and its sex ratio is low. …

Q.Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.

Concept understanding — Population Policy Implications

Comparing human development

Compare and contrast

Indicator	China	India	Pakistan
HDI rank	Highest of the three	Below China	Below China (close to India)
GNI per capita (PPP)	Highest	Higher than Pakistan	Lower
Life expectancy at birth	Highest	Below China	Below China
Infant mortality rate	Lowest (best)	Higher than China	Higher
Maternal mortality rate	Low	Higher than China	Higher than India
Access to improved sanitation	Highest	Lower	Between the two
People below poverty line	Lowest share	Higher	Higher / comparable

Q.Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators.

Comparing human development

Compare and contrast

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