Q.Explain the following along with their applications.

a) Artificial Intelligence (AI) — the branch of computer science that builds machines able to perform tasks that normally need human intelligence: reasoning, learning, decision-making, understanding language, recognising images.

Applications: virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa), recommendation systems, self-driving cars, medical diagnosis, chess/Go engines, chatbots, face recognition.

b) Machine Learning (ML) — a subset of AI in which systems are not explicitly programmed with rules; instead they learn patterns from data and improve with experience. …

a) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI aims to build machines that can simulate human intelligence — reasoning, problem solving, learning from experience, understanding natural language, perceiving images and sounds, and making decisions. An AI system does not just follow a fixed sequence of instructions; it responds sensibly to situations it has not been explicitly programmed for.

Applications:

• Virtual assistants — Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant understand speech and act on it.
• Natural language processing — machine translation, chatbots, text summarisation.
• Computer vision — face recognition for phone unlock, medical image analysis.
• Autonomous vehicles — self-driving cars sensing roads and taking driving decisions.
• Healthcare — assisting doctors in diagnosing diseases from scans and records.
• Game playing — engines that defeat world champions in chess and Go.
• Robotics — intelligent robots for manufacturing, exploration and rescue.

b) Machine Learning (ML)

ML is a subset of AI. In conventional programming, a human writes explicit rules; in ML the programmer instead provides data, and the algorithm learns the rules/patterns itself, improving its performance as it sees more examples ("learning from experience"). The learned model is then used to make predictions or classifications on new, unseen data.

Applications:

• Spam filtering — the filter learns from millions of labelled mails which messages are junk.
• Recommendation systems — Netflix, YouTube and Amazon learn your tastes from your history. …