Q.What is a journal? Give a specimen of journal showing at least five entries.

Journal Entry Format – A First Look

Think of a journal entry as the first written record of any financial event in a business. When you buy a pen for ₹10, that's an event. When you take a loan from a bank, that's an event. Every such event must be captured in the journal before it goes anywhere else — the ledger, the trial balance, the final accounts.

The journal is called the book of original entry because this is where the story of each transaction begins.

The Everyday Intuition

Imagine you and a friend split a pizza. You pay ₹400 from your pocket. Later, your friend gives you ₹200. In your head, you know: "I spent ₹400, but ₹200 of that is really my friend's share." That's a two-sided story — one side is the pizza (the expense), the other side is what your friend owes you (a receivable).

A journal entry does exactly this: it records both sides of every transaction. One side is called the debit, the other the credit. Every transaction has equal debits and credits — always.

The Precise Meaning

A journal entry is a chronological record that shows:

• The date of the transaction
• The accounts affected (at least two)
• Which account is debited and which is credited
• A brief narration explaining the transaction
• The amount involved

The rule that governs every entry is the golden rule of double-entry bookkeeping:

For every debit, there must be an equal and opposite credit.

Why It Matters

Without journal entries, there is no trail. If a business records ₹1,00,000 as sales but never writes down where that money came from, the books are useless. The journal gives you:

• A complete audit trail — you can trace every rupee back to its source
• A chronological record — you know what happened and when
• A check on accuracy — because debits must equal credits, errors are easier to spot

In exams, journal entries are the foundation. Every subsequent topic — ledger posting, trial balance, final accounts — depends on getting the journal right.

The Format (Proforma)

Here is the standard format you will use in your exam:

Explanation of columns:

• Date – The day the transaction occurred
• Particulars – The names of accounts debited and credited. The debited account is written first, with "Dr." after it. The credited account is written below, indented slightly, with "To" before it.
• L.F. – Ledger Folio (the page number in the ledger where this account appears). You leave this blank in the journal; it is filled later when posting to the ledger.
• Debit (₹) – The amount being debited
• Credit (₹) – The amount being credited
• Narration – A brief explanation in brackets, starting with "Being..."

Accounting Treatment – Which Account is Debited and Credited

The decision of which account to debit and which to credit follows three fundamental rules, depending on the type of account:

1. Personal Accounts (accounts of persons, firms, banks, etc.)

• Debit the receiver
• Credit the giver

2. Real Accounts (assets, property, cash, goods)

• Debit what comes in
• Credit what goes out

3. Nominal Accounts (expenses, losses, incomes, gains)

• Debit all expenses and losses
• Credit all incomes and gains

Worked Example

Transaction: On 1st April 2024, Rohan started a business with cash ₹2,00,000 and furniture worth ₹50,000.

Step 1 – Identify the accounts involved:

• Cash (Real account – asset)
• Furniture (Real account – asset)
• Capital (Personal account – the owner's claim)

Step 2 – Apply the rules:

• Cash is coming in → Debit Cash
• Furniture is coming in → Debit Furniture
• Capital is being given by the owner to the business → Credit Capital

Step 3 – Write the journal entry: …