Q.Write the causes and symptoms of Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (diuresis).

Diabetes Mellitus – A First Look

Imagine your body's cells are like houses that need fuel to run. The fuel is glucose, which comes from the food you eat. For glucose to get inside the cells, a key is needed — that key is insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas. In a healthy person, the pancreas releases just enough insulin to unlock the cells, so glucose enters and provides energy. Blood sugar stays in a normal range.

Now picture what happens if the key is missing or broken. Glucose cannot enter the cells. It piles up in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar). The cells starve even though there's plenty of fuel outside. The body tries to get rid of the excess glucose through the kidneys, and it spills into the urine — that's glycosuria (glucose in urine). This entire condition is diabetes mellitus.

The Precise Statement

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The hallmark signs include:

• Polyuria (frequent urination) — the kidneys excrete excess glucose, dragging water with it.
• Polydipsia (excessive thirst) — the body loses water and signals thirst.
• Polyphagia (excessive hunger) — cells are starved, so the brain demands more food.
• Glycosuria — glucose appears in urine when blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold (~180 mg/dL).

Why Does This Happen? Two Main Types

Type 1 Diabetes — the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. No key is made. This usually appears in childhood or adolescence and requires lifelong insulin injections.

Type 2 Diabetes — the cells become resistant to insulin (the lock is jammed), and the pancreas eventually cannot produce enough to compensate. This is far more common, often linked to obesity, inactivity, and genetics. It can sometimes be managed with diet, exercise, and oral medications. …