Q.Sustainable Development Goals and targets are to be achieved by ______.

In India, FDI is banned in a short list of strategic/sensitive sectors; atomic energy is one of them, so the correct option is (d).

After the 1991 economic reforms studied in the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus, India progressively liberalised its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy. FDI is now allowed either through the automatic route or the government route, subject to sectoral caps.

However, a small set of sectors is kept completely out of bounds for FDI because they are strategically sensitive or socially harmful:

• Atomic energy
• Lottery business, gambling and betting
• Chit funds and Nidhi companies
• Real-estate business (dealing in land as a trade) …

The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairperson of NITI Aayog, so the answer is (b).

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was set up on 1 January 2015 as the successor to the Planning Commission, which is part of the Planning-in-India topic in the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus. It works as the government's premier policy think-tank, promoting cooperative and competitive federalism.

Its structure includes:

• Chairperson — the Prime Minister of India (ex-officio)
• Vice-Chairperson — appointed by the Prime Minister …

India's New Economic Policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation was launched in 1991, so the answer is (b).

As covered in the development and planning topic of the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus, by 1991 India faced a deep economic crisis — a foreign-exchange reserve barely enough for a few weeks of imports, a large fiscal deficit and rising inflation.

In response the Government introduced the New Economic Policy in 1991, built on three pillars:

• Liberalisation — removing industrial licensing and trade restrictions
• Privatisation — reducing the role of the public sector …

The SDGs are to be achieved by 2030, so the answer is (b).

In the development and planning topic of the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus, the United Nations adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015 as part of the '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'.

…

NITI Aayog stands for the National Institution for Transforming India — option (c).

In the Tamil Nadu HSC Class-12 Economics syllabus (Economics of Development and Planning), NITI Aayog is the policy think-tank of the Government of India that replaced the erstwhile Planning Commission on 1 January 2015. Its full form is the National Institution for Transforming India. It provides st …

The Planning Commission of India was set up in the year 1950.

After independence, to plan the country's economic and social development through the efficient use of resources, the Government of India established the Planning Commission by a cabinet resolution in March 1950. It was a non-constitutional, advisory body chaired by the Prime Minister, and it formulated the Five Year Plans starting with the First Five Year Plan (1951-56).

…

NITI Aayog stands for National Institution for Transforming India, so option (c) is correct.

In the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus, the shift from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog is a key part of the planning-in-India topic. NITI Aayog was constituted on 1 January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission (which had existed since 1950).

…

The SDGs are to be achieved by 2030, so option (a) is correct.

In the development-and-planning topic of the Tamil Nadu HSC Commerce syllabus, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 as part of the '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'. There are 17 goals with 169 targets covering poverty, hunger, health, education, g …

The Planning Commission was established in 1950, so the correct option is (b).

After independence, India adopted planned development to build the economy in a coordinated way. The Government of India set up the Planning Commission by a Cabinet resolution on 15 March 1950, with the Prime Minister as its ex-officio chairman. Its task was to assess the country's resources and formulate the Five-Year Plans (the First Plan began in 1951).

• (a) 1947 — year of independence, not the Commission's creation. …

The Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairperson of NITI Aayog, so option (b) is correct.

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was set up on 1 January 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. Its Chairperson is the Prime Minister of India (ex-officio). It also has a Vice-Chairperson, a CEO, full-time and part-time members, and the Governing Council of state C …

NITI Aayog = National Institution for Transforming India.

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established on 1 January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission. It functions as the government's premier policy think-tank, providing strategic and technical advice, promoting cooperative federalism between the Centre and states, and m …

The Planning Commission was set up in 1950.

The Planning Commission of India was established on 15 March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India, with the Prime Minister as its chairman. Its task was to assess the country's resources and formulate the Five-Year Plans for balanced and effective use of those r …