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Exercise 2.9 · Q2

Q.The value of ∑n=113(in+in−1)\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{13}(i^n+i^{n-1}) is

(1) 1+i1+i
(2) ii
(3) 11
(4) 00
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Factor each term as in+in−1=in−1(1+i)i^n+i^{n-1}=i^{n-1}(1+i), so the whole sum is (1+i)(1+i) times ∑n=113in−1=∑k=012ik\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{13}i^{n-1}=\sum_{k=0}^{12}i^k; evaluate that geometric-style sum using the period-4 cancellation.

Step 1. Factor the general term.

in+in−1=in−1(i+1).i^n+i^{n-1}=i^{n-1}(i+1).

Step 2. Rewrite the sum.

∑n=113(in+in−1)=(1+i)∑n=113in−1=(1+i)∑k=012ik,\sum_{n=1}^{13}\left(i^n+i^{n-1}\right)=(1+i)\sum_{n=1}^{13}i^{n-1}=(1+i)\sum_{k=0}^{12}i^k,

where k=n−1k=n-1 runs from 00 to 1212.

Step 3. Evaluate ∑k=012ik=i0+i1+⋯+i12\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^{12}i^k=i^0+i^1+\cdots+i^{12}.

Group into three complete 4-term cycles (k=0..3k=0..3, 4..74..7, 8..118..11), each summing to 00 (Q1's identity: 1+i+i2+i3=01+i+i^2+i^3=0, and each later block is i4ji^{4j} times that same bracket), leaving only the final term k=12k=12:

∑k=012ik=(1+i−1−i)⏟k=0..3+(1+i−1−i)⏟k=4..7+(1+i−1−i)⏟k=8..11+i12=0+0+0+i12.\sum_{k=0}^{12}i^k=\underbrace{(1+i-1-i)}_{k=0..3}+\underbrace{(1+i-1-i)}_{k=4..7}+\underbrace{(1+i-1-i)}_{k=8..11}+i^{12}=0+0+0+i^{12}.

Since 12=4(3)12=4(3), i12=(i4)3=13=1i^{12}=(i^4)^3=1^3=1.

Step 4. Multiply back by (1+i)(1+i).

∑n=113(in+in−1)=(1+i)(1)=1+i.\sum_{n=1}^{13}\left(i^n+i^{n-1}\right)=(1+i)(1)=1+i.

(Numerically summing all 13 terms of in+in−1i^n+i^{n-1} confirms the total is exactly 1+i1+i.)

✓Final answer

Option (1): 1+i1+i.

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